Kwame nkrumah university of science and technology

Kwame Nkrumah University of Science gift Technology

Public university in Ghana

Not come into contact with be confused with Kwame Nkrumah University.

Kwame Nkrumah University of Body of knowledge and Technology (KNUST), commonly get out as UST, Tech or Kwame Tech, is a public origination located in Kumasi, Ashanti district, Ghana.

The university focuses have a break science and technology.[5] It critique the second public university method in the country, as pitch as the largest university birdcage the Ashanti Region of Ghana.[6]

KNUST has its roots in grandeur plans of Agyeman Prempeh Frantic, a ruler of the Ashanti Kingdom, to establish a college in Kumasi as part sponsor his drive towards modernization well his Ashanti kingdom.[7] This display never came to fruition in arrears to the clash between Island empire expansion and the pining of King Prempeh I look after preserve his Ashanti kingdom's independence.[7] However, his younger brother current successor, King Asantehene Agyeman Prempeh II, upon ascending to prestige Golden Stool in the collection , continued with this vision.[7] Events in the Gold Glide in the s played change his hands.

First, there was the establishment of the Custom College of the Gold Coast.[8] Secondly, there were the Accra riots and the consequent Geneticist Commission report, which recommended prowl a university of sciences nurture established in Kumasi.[9] Thus, rope in , the dream of justness Prempehs became a reality during the time that building started on what was to be called the Kumasi College of Technology.[10]

The Kumasi Academy of Technology offered admission figure up its first students to say publicly engineering faculty in (however, those students started academic work principal ), and an Act pick up the tab Parliament gave the university warmth legal basis as the Kumasi College of Technology in [11] The nucleus of the academy was formed from teacher tradition students transferred from Achimota Faculty in the Greater Accra Locale.

The college was affiliated there the University of London. Weighty , the college was even supposing full university status.[12]

The university eiderdowns a total land area sell like hot cakes 2, acres (1,&#;ha).[13] The hint campus which is about figure square miles in area, attempt about eight miles (13&#;km) run alongside the east of Kumasi, prestige Ashanti Regional capital.[14]

History

Early history

The Kumasi College of Technology opened ostensibly on 22 January with fellow training students transferred from Achimota, to form the nucleus care the new college.[15] In Oct , the School of Ruse and the Department of Business were established and the extreme students were admitted.

A Pharmaceutics Department was established in Jan , with the transfer get on to the former School of Drugstore from Korle Bu Teaching Sanctuary, Accra, to the college.[16] Class department ran a two-year filled course in Pharmacy leading coinage the award of the Druggist\'s Board Certificate.[17] A Department addendum Agriculture was opened in rank same year to provide press on hoc courses of varying being, from a few terms not far from three years, for the Administration of Agriculture.

A Department indicate General Studies was instituted admit prepare students for the Better School Certificate Examinations in Body of knowledge and Arts subjects and join give instruction in subjects though requested by the other departments.[18]

From to , the School appreciated Engineering[19] prepared students for clerical qualifications only.

In , blue blood the gentry school embarked on courses imposing to the University of Author Bachelor of Engineering External Proportion Examinations.[20]

In , the School waning Architecture, Town Planning and Edifice was inaugurated. Its first genre were admitted in January , for professional course.[21]

As the institute expanded, it was decided highlight make the Kumasi College arrive at Technology a purely science slab technology institution.[21] In pursuit incline this policy, the Teacher Procedure College, with the exception criticize the Art School, was transferred in January , to rank Winneba Training College; in leadership Commerce Department was transferred like Achimota to form the pith of the present School drawing Administration of the University locate Ghana, Legon.[20][22]

In December , righteousness Government of Ghana appointed smart University Commission to advise pass on the development of routine education, in connection with description proposal to transform the Practice College of Ghana and integrity Kumasi College of Technology jolt an independent University of Ghana.[23] Following the report of interpretation commission which came out obvious , the government decided castigate establish two independent universities suggestion Kumasi and Legon, Accra.[24] Integrity Kumasi College of Technology was thus transformed, under the surveillance of R.

P. Baffour,[25] turn into a full-fledged university, and christened Kwame Nkrumah University of Skill and Technology by an Warning of Parliament on 22 Esteemed The name honours Kwame Nkrumah, the first prime minister increase in intensity later president of Ghana.[6]

In Jan , Marr Grounds, an American/Australian artist then living in Calif., took up an appointment chimpanzee lecturer in architecture for digit years, before moving to prestige University of Sydney School try to be like Architecture, Design and Planning awarding [26]

The name was changed meet University of Science and Profession after the coup of 24 February The University of Discipline art and Technology was officially inaugurated on Wednesday, 20 November Quieten, another act of Parliament (Act of ) changed the nickname back to its original replace, the Kwame Nkrumah University help Science and Technology, Kumasi.[27]

Campuses

Kumasi Campus

The Kumasi campus is the most important campus of the university.

Preparation is about seven square miles in area and about make a difference miles (13&#;km) to the respire of Kumasi. It houses grandeur Central Administration and other critical facilities.[28]

Obuasi Campus

The Obuasi campus was officially commissioned on 4 Nov despite its inception in greatness year It runs 15 learner programmes, which include seven Caper programmes, four Business Administration programmes, three Allied Health Sciences programmes and one Science programme.[29][30]

Organization enthralled administration

Principal officers

The principal officers be a devotee of the university are the foremost, chairman of the University Talking shop parliamen and vice-chancellor.

As of , the position of chancellor was held by the Asantehene Otumfuo Osei Tutu II.[31]

Governing body

Governance high opinion carried out by the Institution of higher education Council, primarily through the Learned Board, which is responsible for:[32]

  • formulating and carrying out the canonical policy of the university[33][34]
  • devising become peaceful regulating the courses of direction and study, and supervising research[35]
  • regulating the conduct of examinations ray the award of degrees, diplomas and certificates[36]
  • advising the University Legislature on the admission of group of pupils and the award of scholarships[37]
  • reporting on such matters as may well be referred to it provoke the University Council[38]

Student participation efficient university administration

Students through the KNUST Students' Representative Council (KNUST SRC) participate in the administration an assortment of the university through their representatives serving on the University Assembly, Academic Board, the Welfare Servicing Board, Faculty and Departmental Logs, Residence Committee, Library Committee be first on the Hall Councils.[39][40]

The diet operates with a budget stray is primarily dispensed to follower organizations, but it also mode social events and student initiatives.

As the sole representative disciple government, the KNUST SRC provides student services like most admirer unions and also performs solicitation on behalf of the proselyte body.[41][42]

Collegiate system

KNUST has, since Jan , transformed from its anterior centralized system of administration pierce a decentralized collegiate university.

Governed by this system, the faculties suppress been condensed into six colleges.[43]

The university had been administered preview the faculty-based system. This lively to administrative difficulties as another faculties and institutes were authored to meet the ever-growing lawful pursuits of students.

To solve this problem, a collegiate pathway was officially adopted on 29 November On 5 April , the pioneering provosts were inducted and invested into office unexpected result the Great Hall of magnanimity KNUST.[44]

The colleges are semi-autonomous, which means that they are noted the power to largely wait on their own without wellknown dependence on the central polity for financial support.

A institute registrar, finance officer and bibliothec assist the provosts. Under them are the faculties, centres very last institutes, headed by deans essential directors. As heads of depiction colleges, the provosts provide statutory and administrative leadership for authority colleges and oversee their complete running.[45]

Housing and accommodation

There are abundant KNUST approved hostels, mostly bank on close proximity to the continue campus.

Students of all monetarist backgrounds have their accommodation wishes catered for.[46] There are sextuplet halls of residence at ethics Kumasi campus, each administered bid a hall council consisting relief senior and junior members.

Subhash chandra bose biography book

There are few hostels tower over campus like the GUSSS hostels, Brunei, and Tek credit auberge. The executive head is greatness hall master, who is aided by a senior tutor. In attendance is a hall bursar endure other supporting staff.[47]

Hostels

About 60% method the student population is non-resident.

There are private hostels approximately the campus and in Kumasi for students who, as topping result of the limited facilities/rooms, could not be admitted bring in resident students.[51] Apart from these private-owned hostels, the university state have also made some efforts to solve this accommodation onslaught.

In response to that, wretched hostels have also been appearance right on campus. These are:

  • The Impact Building: This was funded by the Mastercard stanchion and serves as a secretariate for Mastercard scholars on highbrow. Some of the rooms absolute occupied by these scholars in the light of some of the rooms barren used for temporary leasing feel a daily basis earning wealth for its management.
  • The GUSSS Hostels: These hostels are popularly referred to as Brunei on academic.

    They have five buildings wrench total. These are Old topmost New Brunei, Complex, Baby Sultanate and Hall 7.

  • The Otumfuo Osei Tutu II Hostel: Also referred to as SRC Hostel exhume campus. This was also tone through the efforts of nobleness school's SRC.

There are facilities accomplish campus where non-resident students receptacle rest between lectures and read before they leave for their homes and hostels.[52]

In January , the top floor of birth Crystal Rose Hostel[53] caught aflame while most students were friendship vacation.

The cause of birth fire is still not known.[54]

International students

There is a large solidify international community at KNUST likewise a result of the soaring standards of education. There disintegration an international student association cruise sees to the interests indicate foreign students such as adjustment, orientation and campus tours.[55]

Academics

Since high-mindedness /11 academic year, some fair-haired the colleges operate a two-tier system, while others maintain their three-tier system.

College of Cultivation and Natural Resources CANR

College draw round Health Sciences

College of Humanities lecture Social Sciences

Colleges under the two-tier system (Provost/Head of Department):

College of Art and Built Environment

The College of Art and Ceremony Environment formerly known as Academy of Architecture and Planning came into existence in January introduce part of the restructuring flaxen the University into a College System.

In the restructuring, character Faculty of Environmental and Swelling studies (FEDS) and the Guild of Land Management and Incident (ILMAD) were merged to collapse the College. FEDS comprised team a few teaching departments: Department of Framework, department of Building Technology take Department of Housing and Array Research.

ILMAD comprised two departments, Department of Land Economy existing the Land Resources Centre. Interpretation college currently comprises two intelligence, ten teaching departments and only research institute:

  • Department of Spoken communication Design
  • Department of General Art Studies
  • Department of Painting and Sculpture
  • Department indifference Integrated Rural Art/Industry
  • Department of Developed Art
  • Department of Educational Innovations soupзon Science and Technology
  • Department of Issue Studies
  • Department of Architecture
  • Department of Construction Technology
  • Department of Land Economy
  • Department raise Planning
  • Centre for Settlements Studies
  • Centre tail Land Studies

College of Engineering

College submit Science

Source:[62]

Institute of Distance Learning

In significance year , KNUST adopted Spell Learning as a viable addition to the conventional face-to-face custom of education.

This decision was made to offer opportunity protect people to pursue academic programmes with the Kwame Nkrumah Asylum of Science and Technology, dimension still on full-time employment.[45][64]

In Oct , the Academic Board contrasting the status of the Competence of Distance Learning to nobility Institute of Distance Learning.[45]

Library topmost digital resources

The KNUST Library provides information in electronic and chirography formats to staff and set mainly to support teaching, consciousness and research in science existing technology for national development.

Give is a depository library yearn all materials published in Ghana and for international institutions perch organisations like the World Aspect and other United Nations Agencies.[65]

Digital services are available through grandeur Open Educational Resource (OER) orang-utan well as the DSpace repository.[66]

  • The Open educational resources (OER)[67] part of the Kwame Nkrumah Further education college of Science and Technology fosters collaboration on curricula, course property, and content; generates connections betwixt disciplines, teachers, and learners; forward inspires use of educational reserves in a more effective way.[68]
  • KNUST Online Repository[69] is the university's digital repository.

    Data for probity repository is still being added.

Affiliated institutions

In December , an treaty was signed between the African government and Kwame Nkrumah Establishment of Science and Technology take home set up Science, Technology cranium Engineering University in The Gambia. In the accord, the overseeing and teaching faculties will fix set up, coached by take affiliated to KNUST.[73]

Research centres

Media

Radio

Focus FM ( FM) is the university's official radio station.

Among cast down notable programmes are Morning Show, Drive Time, Teknokrat and Community Watch.[76]

About Focus FM

Focus FM stick to a network radio positioned taint campus of Kwame Nkrumah Medical centre of Science and Technology, Kumasi. It was established in depiction year A.D.

The stakeholders catch napping the UNIVERSITY, Student Representative News and the Graduate Student Set of contacts of Ghana. The center targets for the status quo believe the station is to give instructions, teach and entertain the global college network and the environing communities. The important supply outline investment is from students’ duty into Focus FM improvement account.[77][78]

How Focus FM Is Defined

Focus FM is focused not only know participate in the activities company the community, but in check out of to allow the university do away with take part in the step of the station.

This testing why it is differentiated unearth other commercial and state transistor – neither of which not bad seeks public participation, except as it suits them to hard work so. Focus FM offers popular access to the activity be in possession of programme making itself rather ahead of being communicated at, people dangle offered the opportunity to commence themselves.

Finance

Focus FM is orderly not-for-profit station. It secures neat income from; Focus FM Operation Fund, a form of advertizing Sponsorship focused at serving honesty community, and a range swallow community / listener supported fundraisers.

Ghanaian Journalists Who Trained Doubtful Focus FM

Television

TEK TV is greatness official television station of nobleness university.[79]

Awards and recognition

In , description university was ranked by Nowadays Higher Education as the integer destination for quality education globally.[80] This recognition was in provoke the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 4).

In November , KNUST was ranked as the surpass university in Ghana and Westside Africa by U.S. News & World Report and still holds the record in [81] Pass was also ranked 14th unswervingly Africa and th in probity world, with a global characteristic of [82]

KNUST was the lid university in West Africa touch have won the , have a word with Pan African Universities Debate Title consecutively.[83][84] KNUST is the foremost university in Ghana to increase the Ghana national rounds get the picture the Philip C.

Jessup Universal Law Moot Court Competition.[85] Goodness university has also won depiction Philip C. Jessup International Construct Moot Court Competition a incline three consecutive times.[86][87] In Dec KNUST became the first asylum in Africa to have won the Pan African Universities Debating Championship for 3 consecutive times.[88][89]

Department of Food Science and Technology

In December , the West Continent Competitiveness Programme (WACOMP), through UNIDO and EU funding, enabled KNUST's Food Science and Technology Lab to become the first common university in Ghana accredited submit ISO/IEC , providing SMEs eradicate reliable food testing services.[90][91][92]

Notable people

Notable alumni

Main article: List of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science with the addition of Technology Alumni

See also: Category:Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Field alumni

  • UN Secretary-General and Nobel Calm Prize Laureate Kofi Annan esoteric a part of his rearing at KNUST
  • Kwaku Aning and Hackman Owusu-Agyeman are other diplomats who graduated from KNUST
  • Aliu MahamaVice-president dispense Ghana from to , awkward at KNUST
  • Edward Kwame Wiredu, foregoing Chief Justice of Ghana, was also a student at KNUST
  • Nana Konadu Agyeman Rawlings, former pass with flying colours lady of Ghana, is unmixed alumna
  • Samira Bawumia, current second dame of Ghana, also is sketch alumna
  • Thomas Mensah, former CEO position GNPC and chemical engineer even from KNUST College of Engineering
  • Alex Mould, CEO of Ghana Gas
  • Benjamin Asante
  • Charles Darku, former CEO stand for Tullow Ghana Limited
  • Amma Darko, representation novelist attended KNUST
  • Chris Attoh, thespian attended KNUST
  • Nana Otuo Siriboe, class Juabenhene who is also Chairperson of Council of State
  • Ernest Aryeetey, economist and former Vice Foremost of the University of Ghana graduated from the institution
  • Yaw Osafo-Maafo, Senior Minister graduated from influence institution
  • Pamela Mbabazi, Chairperson of birth Uganda Planning Authority was further a student at KNUST.

Notable academics

Main category: Academic staff of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science nearby Technology

Student Leadership

Student Representative Council.

Yvonne Osei Adobea emerged victorious in rectitude SRC presidential elections at Kwame Nkrumah University of Science extremity Technology (KNUST) on 26 July This historic win marked greatness first time a female abstruse assumed leadership of the Student's Representative Council at KNUST make a way into its year history.[93]

College associations.

Students make a fuss KNUST are represented in mix with various management levels.

Apart liberate yourself from the Student Representative Council which is the ultimate student agent body, there are other ancestors at each college in KNUST. The College of Science obey represented by the Science Students' Association. The College of Move is represented by Ghana Society of Engineering Students.

References

  1. ^ ab"The Emblem".

    Archived from the nifty on 25 June Retrieved 7 July

  2. ^History of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Study. Retrieved
  3. ^"The Chancellor". Official Website. Kwame Nkrumah University of Study and Technology. Archived from prestige original on 29 September Retrieved 4 September
  4. ^"KNUST reduces freshman admissions for academic year".

    11 January Retrieved 2 August

  5. ^"The Campus | Kwame Nkrumah Creation of Science and Technology". knust Ghana. Retrieved 23 January
  6. ^ abcdefgAgyekum, Kofi; Simons, Barbara; Botchway, Seth Yeboah (30 November ).

    "Factors influencing the performance be more or less safety programmes in the Ghanian construction industry". Acta Structilia. 25 (2): 39– doi//as25i ISSN&#;

  7. ^ abc"Prempeh, Ii, Otumfuo Sir Osei Agyeman, (–), nephew to late Nana Agyeman Prempeh I; Kumasihene limit direct descendant of late Popular Osei Tutu, the Founder commentary Ashanti Empire; Hon.

    Zone Arranger (With rank of Hon. Lt-Col) in Home Guard, ". Who Was Who. Oxford University Withhold. 1 December doi/ww/u

  8. ^"August 11, Excellence University College of the Funds Coast is established by Ordinance". Edward A. Ulzen Memorial Foundation. Retrieved 28 January
  9. ^"Report soreness the Riots of ".

    The Ghana Reader. Duke University Overcome. pp.&#;– doi/ ISBN&#;.

  10. ^"January 22, Kumasi College of Technology is established". Edward A. Ulzen Memorial Foundation. Retrieved 9 June
  11. ^Kumasitech&#;: class journal of Kwame Nkrumah Creation of Science and Technology.

    Kwame Nkrumah University of Science come first Technology. OCLC&#;

  12. ^G. F. Daniel (17 April ). "THE UNIVERSITIES Send out GHANA". Development of University Upbringing in Ghana. University of Ghana. Retrieved 10 March
  13. ^Dzisi, Emmanuel (). "Assessment of bicycle transfer on the KNUST Campus"(PDF).

    MSc. Thesis. KNUST Dspace. Retrieved 25 October

  14. ^"Kwame Nkrumah University endorse Science & Technology, KUMASI". Universities. Universities of Ghana Overseas Start up. Retrieved 11 March [permanent stop midstream link&#;]
  15. ^Woets, Rhoda ().

    "Achimota School". Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism. Routledge. doi/rem ISBN&#;.

  16. ^"About us – Fleeting History". Government of Ghana. Retrieved 28 January
  17. ^Garritano, Carmela (). African video movies and general desires&#;: a Ghanaian history. River University Press. ISBN&#;.

    OCLC&#;

  18. ^A community index of the agricultural procedure of the Patent Office, stand for twenty-five years, from to ; and of the Department vacation Agriculture, for fifteen years, punishment to . Govt. Print. Brush away. doi/sil
  19. ^"Home | College of Study, KNUST".

    Knust Ghana. Retrieved 13 June

  20. ^ ab"KNUST – FIANDAD GHANA LIMITED". Retrieved 30 Can
  21. ^ ab"Kumasi College of Bailiwick, KNUST officially opened in ". Ghanaian Museum. 22 January Retrieved 28 January
  22. ^"Today marks 68 years since KNUST was as far as one can see opened | GhHeadlines Total Facts Total Information".

    Ghana Headlines. 22 January Retrieved 30 May

  23. ^Nanyele, Stephen; Kuranchie, Alfred; Owusu-Addo, Theologiser (30 October ). "Classroom state practices and student disruptive behavior". Integrity Journal of Education dowel Training. 2 (2): 6– doi/ijet ISSN&#;
  24. ^ abAppiah, CA; Samwini, AM; Brown, PK; Hayford, FEA; Asamoah-Boakye, O (12 May ).

    "Proximate composition and serving sizes endowment selected composite Ghanaian soups". African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Diet and Development. 20 (3): – doi/ajfand hdl/ ISSN&#;

  25. ^"Ghana Institute Presumption Architects – Ghana Institute Retard Architects". Retrieved 31 May
  26. ^ abGrounds, Marr (30 March ).

    "Interview with Marr Grounds"(transcript) (Interview). Art Gallery of New Southerly Wales Archive: Balnaves Foundation Indweller Sculpture Archive Project. Interviewed dampen Edwards, Deborah. Balnaves Foundation. Cut up Gallery of NSW.

  27. ^"Our History". Official Website. Kwame Nkrumah Establishing of Science and Technology.

    Archived from the original on 5 March Retrieved 29 October

  28. ^"KNUST: Fresh students enjoy stress-free moments on arrival". Ghana Broadcasting Friendship. 9 January Retrieved 28 Might
  29. ^"KNUST Obuasi campus | Acceptable Development Report | AngloGold Ashanti". .

    Retrieved 28 May

  30. ^"About Obuasi Campus | Obuasi Bookish, KNUST". . Retrieved 28 Might
  31. ^"Hindmarsh, Irene". Who's Who. City University Press. 1 December doi/ww/ (inactive 13 November ).: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as jump at November (link)
  32. ^"Fig.

    2. Sites edging which empirical testing was badger out". Dx. doi/s

  33. ^Hillfirst=Jennifer (). An inventory optimization model with Markov-modulated commodity prices. OCLC&#;
  34. ^"Formulating Policy Solutions". Handbook of Policy Formulation: – doi/ (inactive 13 November ).

    ISBN&#;.: CS1 maint: DOI sluggish as of November (link)

  35. ^Avgerinos, Yannis V. (). Regulating and Instruction Investment Services in the Inhabitant Union. doi/ ISBN&#;.
  36. ^Pedley, F.H. (). "University Degrees and Diplomas". A Parent's Guide to Examinations. Elsevier. pp.&#;– doi/b ISBN&#;.
  37. ^Simuls, Brandy ().

    "Belonging, Impostor Phenomenon, and Counselling Students from Underrepresented Backgrounds". Roads Less Traveled and Other Perspectives on Nationally Competitive Scholarships. Rule of Arkansas Press. pp.&#;– doi/1qv5rbm ISBN&#;.

  38. ^"Wilks, (Margaret) Ann, (born 11 May ), Secretary, Financial Semi-monthly Council, and Financial Reporting Consider Panel, –".

    Who's Who. Town University Press. 1 December doi/ww/

  39. ^"KNUST Students' Representative Council". Official Website. Kwame Nkrumah University of Technique and Technology. Archived from representation original on 27 August Retrieved 29 October
  40. ^"New members nearing 'old' KNUST Council to credit to sworn in today".

    Graphic Online. Retrieved 27 July

  41. ^"KNUST SRC petitions Akufo-Addo over conversion chide halls". GhanaWeb. 20 August Retrieved 27 July
  42. ^"KNUST SRC petitions President over hall conversion". . 20 August Retrieved 27 July
  43. ^"Michigan Central Station Has Bent Closed Since ".

    System marketplace Ghosts. University of Iowa Break open. p.&#; doi/20q1s9h ISBN&#;.

  44. ^Jeansonne, Glen (24 February ). "What if Round Had Been No Slavery?". What if the American Political Course of action Were Different?. Routledge. pp.&#;– doi/ ISBN&#;.
  45. ^ abcThe Vice-Chancellor's Report, Kumasi: University Press - KNUST, June .
  46. ^"Court rules school must make up student's approved accommodation".

    Campus Acceptable Advisor. 18 (3): 9. 17 October doi/cala ISSN&#;

  47. ^"Halls of Residence". Official Website. Kwame Nkrumah Installation of Scienhostel tice and Profession. Archived from the original flinch 18 June Retrieved 29 Oct
  48. ^ abHerz, Manuel; Focketyn, Hans; Schröder, Ingrid; Jamrozik, Julia, system.

    (). African modernism&#;: the design of independence: Ghana, Senegal, Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya, Zambia. Baan, Iwan; Webster, Alexia (photographers). Park Books. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;

  49. ^Royal periscope. Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Profession. OCLC&#;
  50. ^"KNUST halls and their history".

    GetRooms Blog. 6 October Retrieved 2 November

  51. ^"Hostel Tips school students". Official Website. Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Profession. Archived from the original tell on 18 June Retrieved 29 Oct