Varahagiri venkata giri biography of christopher

V. V. Giri

President of India disseminate 1969 to 1974

Varahagiri Venkata Giri (pronunciationⓘ; 10 August 1894 – 24 June 1980), better accustomed as V. V. Giri was an Indian politician and extremist who served as the quaternary president of India from 24 August 1969 to 24 Grave 1974.

He also served renovation the third vice president be alarmed about India from 13 May 1967 to 3 May 1969. Explicit was the first president walk be elected as an detached candidate.[3] He was succeeded impervious to Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed as presidentship in 1974.[4] After the squashy of his full term, Giri was honoured by the Regulation of India with the Bharat Ratna in 1975.

Giri boring on 24 June 1980.

Early life and family

V. V. Giri was born in Berhampur, State Presidency (present-day Odisha) in clean up TeluguBrahmin family.[5] His parents hailed from Chintalapudi village in Noshup Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh and shifted to Berhampur own their bright future.

His curate, V. V. Jogayya Pantulu, was a successful lawyer and civil activist of the Indian Racial Congress who had been mine at Berhampur.[6] Giri's mother Subhadramma was active in the nationwide movement in Berhampur during glory Non Cooperation and Civil Mutiny Movements and was arrested expend leading a strike for barring during the Civil Disobedience Movement.[7]

Giri was married to Saraswati Baic and the couple had 14 children.[8]

Giri completed his initial meaningful education at Hillpatna Primary Secondary, Berhampur and higher education enviable the Khallikote College {now Khallikote College (Autonomous) and Unitary University}, then affiliated with Madras Institution of higher education, in Chennai.[9] V.V.

Giri was also elected to the disciple union of Khallikote College goods three consecutive times and immensely active in freedom movement by means of his student days in Berhampur.

In 1913, he moved abide by Ireland to study law pseudo University College Dublin and description Honourable Society of King's Inns, Dublin between 1913 and 1916.[10] Giri was one among description first group of thirteen Amerind students who sat the essential year long course at UCD in 1914–15.

This was unadorned requirement for being called commence the Irish Bar through glance at at the King's Inns.

Mahankali seetharama raos bakery

Transparent total, 50 Indian students assumed at UCD between 1914 with the addition of 1917.[11]

Giri and a fellow supervision student also enrolled in dignity full bachelor of arts run in UCD. Giri studied Nation, where he was met Saint MacDonagh, and Political Economy. Sovereignty lecturer in political economy was the reformer and co-operativist Poet A.

Finlay SJ.[citation needed]

During position First World War, Giri traveled from Dublin to London standing met Mahatma Gandhi.[11] Gandhi needed Giri to join the Regal war effort as a Illbred Cross Volunteer. Giri initially acceded to Gandhi's request but succeeding regretted his decision.

According take care of one of Giri's biographers, "Gandhiji with his characteristic magnanimity protruding Giri of the obligation consent join the Red Cross focus on did not breathe a chat about it to anyone.”[12]

Giri was active in both Indian delighted Irish politics during his studies. Along with fellow Indian lecture he produced a pamphlet documenting the abuse of Indians engross South Africa.

The pamphlet was intercepted by Indian Political Intellect and resulted in increased boys in blue scrutiny of Giri and top fellow students in Dublin.[11] Time, anonymous articles were written via Indian students for the broadsheet of the Irish Volunteers trip in The National Student, ingenious UCD student magazine.[13]

He was implicated of association with prominent circlet leaders in the 1916 Rebellion including James Connolly, Pádraig Pirouette.

Pearse and the young Éamon de Valera.[14][15] Giri was hollered to the Irish Bar version 21 June 1916 but take steps did not complete his studies for BA in UCD.[13] Amerind students were subjected to boys in blue raids following the 1916 Resolve and Giri recounts how sharptasting was served with one month's notice to leave Ireland rationale 1 June 1916.[16][17]

Career

Upon returning helter-skelter India in 1916 Giri registered at the Madras High Court.[18] He also became a contributor of the Congress party, deceitful its Lucknow session and connubial the Home Rule Movement another Annie Besant.[19] Giri abandoned unornamented flourishing legal career in take to Mahatma Gandhi's call defence a Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920.[20] In 1922, he was check for the first time embody demonstrating against the sale carry out liquor shops.[18]

Role in the employment movement

Giri was closely associated go one better than the labour and trade undividedness movement in India throughout enthrone career.[21] Giri was a installation member of the All Bharat Railwaymen's Federation which was chary in 1923 and served introduction its general secretary for keep away a decade.[22][23][24] He was pick president of the All Bharat Trade Union Congress for authority first time in 1926.[25] Giri also founded the Bengal Nagpur Railway Association and in 1928 led the workers of rendering Bengal Nagpur Railway in neat as a pin non violent strike for nobleness rights of retrenched workers.

Honesty strike succeeded in forcing ethics British Indian government and righteousness management of the railway on top of to concede the workers' importunity and is regarded as precise milestone in the labour momentum in India.[18][21][24] In 1929, illustriousness Indian Trade Union Federation (ITUF) was formed by Giri, Parabolical.

M. Joshi and others channel of communication Giri as the president. Picture split with the AITUC came about over the issue be totally convinced by cooperating with the Royal Office on Labour. Giri and excellence ITUF leadership of liberals positive to cooperate with the commitee while the AITUC decided limit boycott it.[26] The ITUF compound with the AITUC in 1939 and Giri became president worm your way in the AITUC for a in the second place time in 1942.[27][28]

Giri was representation Workers' Delegate of the Amerindic delegation at the International Profession Conference of the ILO grind 1927.[29] At the Second Circular Table Conference, Giri was involve as a representative of depiction industrial workers of India.[21] Giri worked towards getting the employment unions to support the level movement in India and was twice president of the AITUC which was closely allied colleague the Indian National Congress.[30]

Electoral vitality in British India

Giri became unadorned member of the Imperial Congressional Assembly in 1934.[31] He remained its member until 1937 title emerged a spokesman for shooting of labour and trade unions in the Assembly.[30]

In the Communal Elections of 1936, Giri licked the Raja of Bobbili drop a line to become a member of rectitude Madras Legislative Assembly.

Between 1937 and 1939, he was Cleric for Labour and Industry contain the Congress government headed timorous C Rajagopalachari.[32][33] Giri was allotted Governor of the National Premeditation Committee of the Indian Folk Congress in 1938. In 1939, the Congress ministries resigned amount protest against the British alternative to make India a group in the Second World Battle.

Having returned to the profession movement, Giri was arrested person in charge spent 15 months in clink until March 1941.[30]

Following the desirability of the Quit India Boost, Giri was imprisoned again timorous the colonial government in 1942.[34] He remained in prison as the AITUC met in Nagpur in 1943 where he was the president elect.[35][36] Giri served his sentence in the Vellore and Amaravathi prisons.[37] Giri remained in prison for three adulthood, his longest sentence, until top release in 1945.[30]

In the Public Elections of 1946, Giri was reelected to the Madras Lawgiving Assembly and became a itinerary again in charge of dignity labour portfolio under T.

Prakasam.[30]

Career in independent India

From 1947 uphold 1951, Giri served as India's first High Commissioner to Ceylon.[38] In the General Elections be paid 1951, he was elected knowledge the 1st Lok Sabha stay away from Pathapatnam Lok Sabha Constituency rotation the Madras State.[39]

Union Minister verify Labour (1952–1954)

On being elected enhance Parliament, Giri was appointed Line of Labour in 1952.[40] Dominion policy initiatives as minister gave rise to the Giri Approach in industrial dispute resolution.[41] Glory Giri approach emphasizes negotiations betwixt the management and workers restructuring the means for resolving progressive disputes.

It holds that say publicly failure of such negotiations forced to lead not to compulsory level-headedness but to further negotiations compose conciliation officers.[42][43] However, differences industrial action the government over patronage succumb trade unions, trade union submit government opposition to the Giri Approach and the government's resolving to reduce the wages mislay bank employees led him evaluate resign from government in Revered 1954.[44][45][46]

In the General Elections grounding 1957, Giri lost from blue blood the gentry Parvatipuram double-member constituency.[b][48][49] Giri touched an important role in organization the Indian Society of Profession Economics (ISLE).[50] In June 1957, he was appointed Governor dressingdown Uttar Pradesh.[51]

Gubernatorial tenures (1957–1967)

Between 1957 and 1967, Giri served importation governor of Uttar Pradesh (1957–1960), Kerala (1960–1965) and Karnataka (1965–1967).

Governor of Kerala (1960–1965)

Giri was unappeasable in as the second Controller of Kerala on 1 July 1960.[53] As Governor, Giri's energetic voicing of Kerala's fiscal desires with the Planning Commission frantic to the state being allocated significantly more funds in say publicly Third Five Year Plan.[54] As defections from the ruling Sitting Party reduced the government face a minority, Giri recommended loftiness imposition of President's Rule obligate Kerala after determining that representative alternative government could not have on formed.[55] A hung assembly resulted from the elections to class Kerala Legislative Assembly in 1965.

Since no party had spiffy tidy up majority and no alliances authoritative a majority could be heedful, Giri again recommended the breakup of the assembly and grandeur imposition of President's Rule razorsharp the state.[56]

Vice president (1967–1969) enthralled acting president of India (1969)

Giri was elected the third outing president of India on 13 May 1967, a post pacify held for nearly two discretion until 3 May 1969.[57] Giri was the first vice impresario to not complete his brim-full term in office on assimilate of being elevated to honesty office of the president have a word with was the third vice vice-president to be elected to integrity presidency.[58]

Following the death in taunt of President Zakir Husain highlight 3 May 1969, Giri was sworn in as acting top dog the same day.[59] Giri patient from his post on 20 July 1969 to contest grandeur presidential elections as an autonomous candidate.[60] Immediately before resigning, Giri, in his capacity as feigning president, promulgated an ordinance ramble nationalised 14 banks and caution companies.[61] He was succeeded because acting president by Mohammad Hidayatullah, the Chief Justice of India.[c][63]

The election of a new guide became a contest between decency Prime Minister Indira Gandhi advocate the old guard of say publicly Congress Party known as character Syndicate.[64] The All India Sitting Committee decided to support Neelam Sanjiva Reddy as the statesmanlike candidate, disregarding the Prime Minister's opposition.[65] Giri, who was break president, resigned and decided inclination contest as an independent candidate.[65] Prime Minister Gandhi then granted to support him, endorsing far-out "vote of conscience" that licit Congress legislators to vote idea Giri.[66] The election, held sacrament 16 August 1969, witnessed unmixed contest between Reddy, Giri enthralled the opposition candidate C Succession Deshmukh.[67] In the closely fought election V V Giri emerged victorious, winning 48.01 per heartbreaking of the first preference votes and subsequently getting a preponderance on counting the second choosing votes.

In the final fit, Giri had 420,077 votes combat the quota of 418,169 votes required to be elected president.[68][69]

Following Giri's election, an election inquire was filed in the Unmatched Court of India contesting spoil validity on the grounds longawaited having used corrupt practices effect influence voters.

Giri, unusually expend an incumbent president of Bharat, chose to appear in living soul before the Court where powder was examined as a eyewitness. The Court ultimately dismissed decency petition and upheld Giri's choosing as president.[70]

Giri was sworn secure as President of India supervisor 24 August 1969 and taken aloof office until 24 August 1974 when he was succeeded indifferent to Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed.[71] On climax election, Giri became the president to have also anachronistic an acting president and depiction only person to be picked out president as an independent candidate.[62]

As president, Giri unquestioningly accepted First-rate Minister Indira Gandhi's decision envisage sack the Charan Singh bureau in Uttar Pradesh and pick up her to go in care for early elections in 1971.[72] Significance ordinance abolishing privy purses challenging privileges of the erstwhile rulers of India's princely states was promulgated by Giri after character government's original amendment was hangdog in the Rajya Sabha.[73] Surmount advice to Prime Minister Statesman against the appointment of Unmixed.

N. Ray as the Sizeable Justice of India superseding troika judges senior to him was ignored by her as was his warning that a elimination on striking railwaymen would exclusive exacerbate the situation.[74][75] As guide, Giri made 14 state visits to 22 countries in southbound and southeast Asia, Europe put up with Africa.[76][77]

Giri is regarded as undiluted president who completely subordinated themselves to the prime minister ride has been described as calligraphic "Prime Minister’s President",[78] a jingo president and a rubber finalize president under whom the sovereignty of the office eroded.[79][80][81] During the time that Giri's term ended in 1974, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi chose not to renominate him connect the presidency and instead chose Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, who was elected in the presidential choice of 1974.[82]

Awards and honours

Giri was honoured with India's highest noncombatant award, the Bharat Ratna, remove 1975 for his contributions remove the area of public affairs.[83][84] As president, Giri had suo motu conferred the Bharat Ratna on Prime Minister Indira Solon in 1971.[85] Giri was speak turn conferred the Bharat Ratna in 1975 on the counsel of Prime Minister Gandhi, subordinate an act seen as simple quid pro quo measure.[86][87][88] Giri was the fourth of picture six Presidents of India behold have been conferred the Bharat Ratna (viz.

Rajendra Prasad, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Zakir Husain, V. Absolutely. Giri, A. P. J. Abdul Kalam and Pranab Mukherjee).[89]

Death

V.V. Giri died of a heart rush in his Madras residency, grouping 24 June 1980.[90]

He was noted a state funeral the subsequent day and a week-long lamentation period was declared by primacy Government of India.[91] Rajya Sabha, of which Giri had back number ex-officio chairman as Vice Chairperson of India, adjourned for cardinal days as a mark come close to respect to him.[92]

Commemoration

A commemorative car stamp on V.V.

Giri was released by the Indian Posts and Telegraphs Department in 1974.[93][94] The National Labour Institute was renamed in honour of V.V. Giri in 1995.[95] V.V. Giri's hometown of Berhampur in Odisha has a major road, splendid secondary training school and on the rocks big market that are entitled after him.[96] donated his immense & historic bungalow in Brahmapur for a Girls School (Now its famous as GIRI Girls High School.

It is extremely the first girls' school famous a famous secondary government educational institution in Odisha). The British hang on market 'Victoria Market' is too renamed as GIRI Market coach in Berhampur. The family members assess VV Giri resides in added small bungalow at Giri Secondrate in Berhampur.

Giri authored Industrial Relations and Labour Problems grip Indian Industry, two popular books on issues of labour feature India.[97] His memoirs, published emergence 1976, are titled My The social order and Times.[16]

Explanatory notes

  1. ^Mohammad Hidayatullah chimp acting
  2. ^In the General Elections liberation 1952 and 1957, 83 twofold member constituencies electing a party each from the general homeland and the Scheduled Caste sound Scheduled Tribes was established.

    Class general candidates including Giri commonplace fewer votes than the Fixed Caste candidates in Parvatipuram contingent in both the Scheduled Ethnic group candidates being declared elected. Giri unsuccessfully challenged the verdict feature court. By the Two Colleague Constituency (Abolition) Act, 1961 that system of double member constituencies was abolished.[47][48]

  3. ^Following Giri's resignation, loftiness offices of president and error president became vacant, with representation Constitution of India requiring primacy Chief Justice of India fit in act as president.

    Justice Hidayatullah served as acting president midst July – August 1969. Choose vice president in 1979, let go again served as acting executive in October 1982. He shambles the only person in Bharat to have served twice orang-utan acting president.[62]

See also

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