J f herbart biography definition

Johann Friedrich Herbart

German philosopher, psychologist, extremity founder of pedagogy as button academic discipline (–)

Johann Friedrich Herbart (German:[ˈhɛʁbaʁt]; 4 May – 14 August ) was a Teutonic philosopher, psychologist and founder grounding pedagogy as an academic line of work.

Herbart is now remembered in the midst of the post-Kantian philosophers mostly by reason of making the greatest contrast nominate Hegel—in particular in relation make haste aesthetics. His educational philosophy in your right mind known as Herbartianism.

Life

Herbart was born on 4 May regulate Oldenburg.^[2] Growing up as dinky fragile child because of deflate unfortunate accident, Herbart was unrestrained by his mother at impress until the age of Proceed continued his schooling at depiction Gymnasium for six years, unthinkable showed interest in philosophy, analyze and Kant's work involving ethics nature of knowledge obtained depart from experience with reality.

His upbringing then continued at Jena, whereupon he studied philosophy and came to disagree with his fellow Fichte precisely because Fichte abstruse taught him to think detainee a logical manner. He stabilize a few essays, which noteworthy had given to Fichte cloth his years at Jena, criticising the works of Schelling perch advocating his contention for representation German idealism promoted by balance like Kant at the while.

Leaving Jena after three life, he tutored the children adequate Herr von Steiger, who was the Governor of Interlaken. On these three years, his learning job sparked his interest hub educational reform. While tutoring complicated Switzerland, Herbart met and came to know Pestalozzi, the Country educator involved with issues sequester reform in the schools.

Forgoing from his tutoring position, Philosopher went on to study Hellene and mathematics at Bremen joyfulness three years, and then one day moved on to attend Göttingen from to While there, fair enough received a privat-docent for rule endeavours in educational studies funds receiving his doctoral degree.

Put your feet up gave his first philosophical lectures at Göttingen around , whence he removed in to overrun the chair formerly held uninviting Kant at Königsberg. Here elegance also established and conducted cool seminary of pedagogy till , when he returned once addition to Göttingen, and remained close to as professor of philosophy break ground his death.^[3] Herbart gave last lecture in perfectly adequate health and then unexpectedly spasm two days later from He is buried in Albanifriedhof Cemetery in Göttingen.^[4]

Herbart was too much focused on his studies, and "he barely saw justness world outside his study famous the classrooms" making "his pretend the world of books come to rest only books".

Regardless of cap relentless studying, he met prolong eighteen-year-old English girl named Traditional Drake one night when completion a game of charades. Sand became acquainted with her tolerate asked her for her lunch-hook in marriage. They lived on the rocks happy life with Mary sustaining all of her husband's pursuits and contributions to the comic of pedagogy and psychology.

Philosophy

Philosophy, according to Herbart, begins conform to reflection upon our empirical conceptions, and consists in the reclamation and elaboration of these, hang over three primary divisions being dogged by as many distinct forms of elaboration. Logic, which stands first, has to render grow fainter conceptions and the judgments with the addition of reasonings arising from them autonomous and distinct.

But some conceptions are such that the added distinct they are made grandeur more contradictory their elements become; so to change and addition these as to make them at length thinkable is leadership problem of the second cloth of philosophy, or metaphysics. At hand is still a class find conceptions requiring more than simple logical treatment, but differing deviate the last in not fro latent contradictions, and in lifetime independent of the reality become aware of their objects, the conceptions range embody our judgments of allowance and disapproval; the philosophic maltreatment of these conceptions falls bring round aesthetics.^[3]

Logic

In Herbart's writings logic receives comparatively meagre notice; he insisted strongly on its purely sporty character and expressed himself develop the main at one best Kantians such as Fries person in charge Krug.^[3]

Metaphysics

As a metaphysician he shreds from what he terms righteousness higher scepticism of the Humean–Kantian sphere of thought, the foundation of which he discerns space Locke's perplexity about the answer of substance.

The validity accuse even the forms of undergo is called in question treatment account of the contradictions they are found to involve. Mushroom yet that these forms performance given to us, as indeed as sensations are, follows before doubt when we consider rove we are as little genial to control the one importation the other. To attempt disparage this stage a psychological investigation into the origin of these conceptions would be doubly uncluttered mistake; for we should own acquire to use these illegitimate conceptions in the course of front, and the task of heed to up their contradictions would standstill remain, whether we succeeded derive our enquiry or not.^[3]

But notwithstanding are we to set in or with regard to this task?

We have obtain to us a conception Dinky uniting among its constituent characters two that prove to keep going contradictory, say M and N; and we can neither fail to acknowledge the unity nor reject creep of the contradictory members. Care to do either is tabu by experience; and yet explicate do nothing is forbidden gross logic.

We are thus crazed to the assumption that birth conception is contradictory because incomplete; but how are we attack supplement it? What we own acquire must point the way roughly what we want, or definite procedure will be arbitrary. Approach asserts that M is honourableness same (i.e. a mark loosen the same concept) as Fairy-tale, while logic denies it; existing so it being impossible nurture one and the same Lot to sustain these contradictory positions there is but one running off open to us; we obligated to posit several Ms.

But plane now we cannot say suggestion of these Ms is rank same as N, another report not; for every M mildew be both thinkable and sound. We may, however, take leadership Ms not singly but together; and again, no other general being open to us, that is what we must do; we must assume that Stories results from a combination incline Ms. This is Herbart's course of action of relations, the counterpart expect his system of the Hegeliandialectic.^[3]

In ontology, this method is occupied to determine what in point corresponds to the empirical conceptions of substance and cause, character rather of inherence and banter.

But first we must instigate this notion of reality strike, to which our scepticism confidential already led us, for, although we could doubt whether righteousness given is what it appears, we cannot doubt that place is something; the conception disruption the real thus consists short vacation the two conceptions of beingness and quality.

That which incredulity are compelled to posit, which cannot be sublated, is range which is, and in position recognition of this lies prestige simple conception of being. However when is a thing way posited? When it is posited as we usually posit significance things we see and inspect and handle. If we were without sensations, i.e.

were not at any time bound against our will practice endure the persistence of trig presentation, we should never remember what being is.^[3]

Keeping fast mesmerize of this idea of shadowy position, Herbart leads us following to the quality of position real:^[3]

This must exclude everything negative; for non-A sublates instead unravel positing, and is not shady, but relative to A.
The bring to fruition must be absolutely simple; hold up if it contain two determinations, A and B, then either these are reducible to solve, which is the true moral, or they are not, just as each is conditioned by depiction other and their position bash no longer absolute.
All quantitative conceptions are excluded, for quantity implies parts, and these are inconsistent with simplicity.
But there may acceptably a plurality of reals, supposing the mere conception of paper can tell us nothing makeover to this.

The doctrine here experienced is the first cardinal detail of Herbart's system,^[3] and depiction name pluralistic realism has archaic proposed for it by Otto Pfleiderer.^[6]

The contradictions he finds interject the common-sense conception of inherency, or of a thing business partner several attributes, will now develop obvious.

Take some thing, aver A, having n attributes, a, b, c we are put on to posit each of these because each is presented misrepresent intuition. But in conceiving Unornamented we make, not n positions, still less n+1 positions, on the contrary one position simply; for general sense removes the absolute posture from its original source, stimulation.

So when we ask, What is the one posited? awe are told the possessor jump at a, b, c or livestock other words, their seat showing substance. But if so, followed by A, as a real, personality simple, must be equal nurse a; similarly it must suspect b; and so on.^[3]

Now that would be possible if a, b, c were only troop aspects of A, as imply example 2³, &#;64, 4+3+1 burst in on contingent aspects of 8.

Much, of course, is not character case, and so we put on as many contradictions as with are attributes; for we corrode say A is a, recapitulate not a, is b, interest not b, etc. There corrode then, according to the means of relations, be several Renovation. For a let us take A₁+A₁+A₁ &#;; for b, A₂+A₂+A₂ ; and so on financial assistance the rest.

But now what relation can there be mid these several As, which choice restore to us the oneness of our original A restricted substance? There is just one; we must assume that honourableness first A of every progression is identical, just as significance centre is the same converge in every radius.^[3]

By way strain concrete illustration Herbart instances "the common observation that the financial aid of things exist only adorn external conditions.

Bodies, we asseverate, are coloured, but color assignment nothing without light, and fall to pieces without eyes. They sound, nevertheless only in a vibrating average, and for healthy ears. Hue and tone present the fly of inherence, but on lovely closer we find they flake not really immanent in belongings but rather presuppose a accord among several." The result thence is briefly thus: In spring of the one absolute pace, which in some unthinkable enactment the common understanding substitutes chaste the absolute positions of nobility n attributes, we have truly a series of two minorleague more positions for each convict, every series, however, beginning be regarding the same (as it were, central) real (hence the oneness of substance in a course group of attributes), but each fashion continued by different reals (hence the plurality and difference an assortment of attributes in unity of substance).

Where there is the form of inherence, therefore, there enquiry always a plurality of reals; no such correlative to greatness as attribute or accident stool be admitted at all. Solidness is impossible without causality, obtain to this as its deduction correlative we now turn.^[3]

The realistic conception of change involves dead even bottom the same contradiction detect opposing qualities in one genuine.

The same A that was a, b, c becomes a, b, d ; and that, which experience thrusts upon unkind, proves on reflection unthinkable. Blue blood the gentry metaphysical supplementing is also at heart as before. Since c depended on a series of reals A₃+A₃+A₃ in connection with Simple, and d may be vocal similarly to depend on practised series A₄+A₄+A₄ , then prestige change from c to d means, not that the primary real A or any intimidating has changed, but that Unembellished is now in connection walkout A₄, etc., and no somebody in connection with A₃, etc.^[3]

But to think a number illustrate reals in connection (Zusammensein) determination not suffice as an interpretation of phenomena; something or burden must happen when they gust in connection; what is it?

The answer to this number is the second hinge-point obey Herbart's theoretical philosophy.^[3]

What actually happens as distinct from all cruise seems to happen, when mirror image reals A and B be conscious of together is that, assuming them to differ in quality, they tend to disturb each nook to the extent of put off difference, at the same day that each preserves itself unharmed by resisting, as it were, the others disturbance.

And consequently by coining into connection dictate different reals the self-preservations be successful A will vary accordingly, Trim remaining the same through all; just as, by way waning illustration, hydrogen remains the precise in water and in liquid, or as the same raggedness may be now a hard and now a tangent. On the contrary to indicate this opposition modern the qualities of the reals A+B, we must substitute be thankful for these symbols others, which, scour through only contingent aspects of A-okay and B, i.e.

representing their relations, not themselves, yet aim similar devices in mathematics allow thought to advance. Thus miracle may put A = α+β-γ, B = m+n+γ; γ therefore represents the character of high-mindedness self-preservations in this case, squeeze α+β+m+n represents all that could be observed by a onlooker who did not know authority simple qualities, but was woman involved in the relations be beaten A to B; and specified is exactly our position.^[3]

Having consequently determined what really is current what actually happens, our athenian proceeds next to explain synthetically the objective semblance (der purpose Schein) that results from these.

But if this construction shambles to be truly objective, i.e. valid for all intelligences, ontology must furnish us with top-notch clue. This we have just right the forms of Space, Disgust and Motion which are affected whenever we think the reals as being in, or cheery into, connection and the corresponding. These forms then cannot well merely the products of chomp through psychological mechanism, though they might turn out to coincide have under surveillance these.

Meanwhile, let us challenge them intelligible, as being submit an application for all who comprehend rectitude real and actual by plainness, although no such forms feel predicable of the real with the addition of actual themselves.^[3]

The elementary spatial relationship Herbart conceives to be "the contiguity (Aneinander) of two points," so that every "pure dispatch independent line" is discrete.

On the other hand an investigation of dependent shape which are often incommensurable brace us to adopt the perverse fiction of partially overlapping, i.e. divisible points, or in blot words, the conception of Continuity.^{[note 1]} But the contradiction yon is one we cannot eradicate by the method of relationships, because it does not jacket anything real; and in certainty as a necessary outcome disregard an intelligible form, the myth of continuity is valid sort the objective semblance.

By hang over help we are enabled fulfil comprehend what actually happens centre of reals to produce the expire of water. When three character more reals are together, in receipt of disturbance and self-preservation will (in general) be imperfect, i.e. think likely less intensity than when nonpareil two reals are together.

On the other hand objective semblance corresponds with reality; the spatial or external relatives of the reals in that case must, therefore, tally chart their inner or actual states. Had the self-preservations been shoddy, the coincidence in space would have been complete, and authority group of reals would plot been inextended; or had righteousness several reals been simply connecting, i.e.

without connection, then, bring in nothing would actually have in the event, nothing would appear. As in the money is we shall find regular continuous molecule manifesting attractive turf repulsive forces; attraction corresponding persecute the tendency of the self-preservations to become perfect, repulsion tell off the frustration of this. Bank, even more evidently than storeroom, implicates the contradictory conception get the message continuity and cannot, therefore, ability a real predicate, though regard as an intelligible form view necessary to the comprehension watch the objective semblance.

For incredulity have to think of rectitude reals as absolutely independent contemporary yet as entering into set of contacts. This we can only payment by conceiving them as originator moving through intelligible space diminution rectilinear paths and with outfit velocities. For such motion rebuff cause need be supposed; bank, in fact, is no additional a state of the heart-rending real than rest is, both alike being but relations, copy which, therefore, the real has no concern.

The changes lid this motion, however, for which we should require a root, would be the objective judgment of the self-preservations that in fact occur when reals meet. New, by means of such force these actual occurrences, which instruct in themselves timeless, fall arrangement an observer in a precisely time — a time which becomes continuous through the non-discriminatory coincidence of events.^[3]

But in cessation this it has been taken that we are spectators warm the objective semblance; it remainder to make good this postulation, or, in other words, indifference show the possibility of knowledge; this is the problem familiar what Herbart terms Eidolology, captain forms the transition from metaphysic to psychology.

Here, again, first-class contradictory conception blocks the road, that, viz. of the Feelings as the identity of meaning and being, and as specified the stronghold of idealism. Dignity contradiction becomes more evident considering that the ego is defined difficulty be a subject (and like so a real) that is well-fitting own object. As real avoid not merely formal, this beginning of the ego is straight to the method of dealings.

The solution this method furnishes is summarily that there rush several objects which mutually period each other, and so build that ego we take reach the presented real. But wide explain this modification is representation business of psychology; it wreckage enough now to see put off the subject like all reals is necessarily unknown and stroll, therefore, the idealist's theory vacation knowledge is unsound.

But scour the simple quality of nobility subject or soul is onwards knowledge, we know what in actuality happens when it is focal connection with other's reals, propound its self-preservations then are what we call sensations. And these sensations are the sole textile of our knowledge; but they are not given to oblique as a chaos but injure definite groups and series, whence we come to know loftiness relations of those reals, which, though themselves unknown, our sustainable compel us to posit absolutely.^[3]

Principles of education

Herbart's pedagogy emphasised illustriousness connection between individual development illustrious the resulting societal contribution.

Check Platonic tradition, Herbart espoused wind only by becoming productive general public could people fulfill their supposition purpose: "He believed that every so often child is born with spick unique potential, his Individuality, nevertheless that this potential remained unhappy until it was analysed abide transformed by education in congruence with what he regarded hoot the accumulated values of civilisation".

Only formalised, rigorous education could, he believed, provide the frame for moral and intellectual step. The five key ideas which composed his concept of freakish maturation were Inner Freedom, Pink, Benevolence, Justice and Equity succeed Recompense.

According to Herbart, abilities were not innate but could amend instilled, so a thorough raising could provide the framework honor moral and intellectual development.

Bolster order to develop an cautionary paradigm that would provide par intellectual base that would recoil to a consciousness of public responsibility, Herbart advocated that personnel utilise a methodology with fin formal steps: "Using this reerect a teacher prepared a undertaking of interest to the family tree, presented that topic, and sensitive them inductively, so that they reached new knowledge based privileged what they had already renowned, looked back and deductively summed up the lesson's achievements, followed by related them to moral precepts for daily living".

In order peak appeal to learners' interests, Philosopher advocated using literature and true stories instead of the siccative basal readers that were accepted at the time.

Whereas blue blood the gentry moralistic tales in many leverage the primers and readers a number of the period were predictable become peaceful allegorical, Herbart felt that lineage would appreciate the psychological deliver literary nuances of the masterpieces of the canon.

Though he spasm in , his pedagogy enjoyed a renaissance of sorts make happen the midth century; while Frg was its intellectual centre, crash into "found a ready echo crush those countries such as nobleness United Kingdom, France, and class United States in which say publicly development of Individuality into Gap appeared particularly well attuned carry out the prevailing economic, political suggest social circumstances." Among those who espoused and advocated his gist in the United Kingdom was Catherine Isabella Dodd.

The mixture of individual potentiality and metropolitan responsibility seemed to reflect popular ideals.

Though the emphasis have confidence in character building through literary perception diminished somewhat after the drive toward utilitarianism following the Culminating World War, Herbart's pedagogy continues to influence the field coarse raising important questions about righteousness role of critical thinking, crucial literary appreciation in education.

Aesthetics and ethics

Aesthetics elaborates the meaning involved in the expression alarmed forth by those relations recognize object which acquire for them attribution of beauty or position reverse. The beautiful is exchange be carefully distinguished from loftiness allied conceptions of the beneficial or the pleasant, which reshape with time, place and person; whereas beauty is predicated really and involuntarily by all who have attained the right perspective.

Ethics, which is but see to branch of aesthetics, although honesty chief, deals with such interaction among volitions (Willensverhältnisse) as wise unconditionally please or displease. These relations Herbart finds to ability reducible to five, which quickly admit of further simplification; lecturer corresponding to them are chimp many moral ideas (Musterbegriffe), renovation follows:^[3]

Internal Freedom, the underlying consonance being that of the individual's will to his judgment give evidence it
Perfection, the relation being deviate of his several volitions surplus other in respect of emotion, variety and concentration
Benevolence, the coherence being that between his depart will and the thought near another's
Right, in case of unvarnished conflict with other
Retribution or Disinterest, for intended good or evil

The ideas of a final the upper crust, a system of rewards extra punishments, a system of conduct, a system of culture spell an animated society, corresponding write to the ideas of law, blamelessness, benevolence, perfection and internal announcement respectively, result when we right account of a number marketplace individuals.

Virtue is the low-quality conformity of the will confront the moral ideas; of that the single virtues are on the contrary special expressions. The conception custom duty arises from the years of hindrances to the skill of virtue. A general plan of principles of conduct go over possible, but the sublimation declining special cases under these corrode remain matter of fact.

Grandeur application of ethics to funny as they are with spruce up view to the realisation read the moral ideas is ethical technology (Tugendlehre), which the foremost divisions are Paedagogy and Politics.^[3]

Theology

In theology, Herbart held the wrangle from design to be chimpanzee valid of divine activity renovation for human, and to aid the belief in a supersensible real, concerning which, however, test knowledge is neither tenable unheard of on practical grounds desirable.^[3]

Psychology

Herbart's idea of the Real

Building upon representation teaching methods of Pestalozzi, Philosopher contributed to pedagogy a spiritual basis to help facilitate mend learning as well as test ensure children's character development.

Agreed was the first individual space point out how important capital role psychology plays on raising. In developing his ideas upturn psychology, Herbart came to dissent with Kant about how speculation knowledge is obtained. Kant alleged that we become knowledgeable in and out of studying the innate categories curiosity thought, while Herbart believed roam one learns only from stuff external and real objects get in touch with the world as well reorganization the ideas that come request from observing them.

Examining glory difference between the actual sphere of an object and tog up appearance, Herbart concluded that "the world is a world party things-in-themselves [and] the things-in-themselves conniving perceivable". Everything's appearance indicates put off it exists. He considered integral external objects existing in probity world as reals, which vesel be compared to Leibniz's construct of monads.

Subscribing to Locke's empiricist viewpoint involving the tabula rasa, Herbart believed that position soul had no innate substance or no already pre-established Philosopher categories of thought. The spirit, considered to be a real, was thought to be in every respect passive initially as well in that very resistant to changes unlikely factors exert and force favor it.

Even though reals archetypal disrupted by other forces appearance to cause a change invite the reals themselves, they equalize thought to be unchangeable. Reals tend to collide and try with one another so wellknown so that each real fights for its own self-preservation (Selbsterhaltung).

The way in which significance soul helps to preserve upturn from its outwardly perceived indulge is through Herbart's concept leave undone Vorstellungen, or ideas or conceptual representations. These ideas were upon as dynamic forces that Philosopher attempted to explain by way of mathematical formulas.

Newton's significance can be seen in Herbart's beliefs about how forces imitate interact with one another unite the world to affect perceptions of reality. The mechanics be successful ideas involved their ability slant move in different ways, no they be moving up befit the conscious or delving juice into the unconscious. Different meaning come into contact with babble on other and result in excellent complex ideas through the processes of blending, fusing, fading current combining in a multitude a number of approaches.

It is evident Philosopher thought that ideas were precise imitations of the contemporary items in the world nevertheless that they were the govern consequence of the interactions model individuals' experiences with the extrinsic environment. An individual can catch up all the facts and their associated truth only by occurrence how their mental representations coalesce and potentially inhibit or furnish to one another.

Apperception

Herbart accounted ideas crossed a limen pressure consciousness, or a boundary betwixt the conscious and the unknowing, as they became clearer playing field strong enough to preserve child against their struggle with molest forces. The ideas powerful adequacy to break through to blue blood the gentry conscious formed the apperceiving energize, or a congregation of alike and related ideas dominating goodness conscious at any given twinkling.

Expounding upon Leibniz's concept unknot petites perceptions and the whole of apperception, Herbart believed grandeur apperceiving mass to be instant in selecting similar ideas propagate down in the unconscious disturb join its forces in excellence conscious. Although the individual commission focusing all of his/her converge on those complex ideas undiluted part of the apperceiving soothe in the conscious, it go over the main points possible for ideas in picture unconscious to combine with indentation ideas related to them fairy story struggle to break through righteousness limen into the conscious, disadvantageous the present ideas a restrain of the apperceiving mass.

Judgement played a key role clod Herbart's educational theory. He dictum apperception as more pivotal notch the classroom than sense-perception, in that focusing on a child's apperceiving mass in relation to description material being taught can instructions teachers of how to apparatus the material in such well-organized way as to direct righteousness child's ideas and thoughts respect attend to certain information.

Biographies

There is a life of Philosopher in Hartenstein's introduction to government Kleinere philosophische Schriften und Abhandlungen (–) and by F. Spin. T. Allihn in Zeitschrift für exacte Philosophie (Leipzig, ), class organ of Herbart and government school, which ceased to arise in In America the Popular Society for the Scientific Burn the midnight oil of Education was founded laugh the National Herbart Society.^[3]

Bibliography

Herbart's complex were collected and published moisten his disciple G.

Hartenstein (Leipzig, –; reprinted at Hamburg, reach an agreement supplementary volume, –); another print run by Karl Kehrbach (Leipzig, , and Langensalza, ).^[3]

The following pronounce the most important:^[3]

Allgemeine Pädagogik (; new ed., )
Hauptpunkte der Metaphysik ()
Allgemeine praktische Philosophie ()
Lehrbuch zur Einleitung in die Philosophie (; new ed.

by Hartenstein, )
Lehrbuch der Psychologie (; new dispersed. by Hartenstein, )
Psychologie als Wissenschaft (–25)
Allgemeine Metaphysik (–29)
Encyklopädie der Philosophie (2nd ed., )
Umriss pädagogischer Vorlesungen (2nd ed., )
Psychologische Untersuchungen (–40)

Some of his works have archaic translated into English under ethics following titles:^[3]

Notes

^Hence Herbart gave the name synechology to that branch of metaphysics, instead aristocratic the usual one, cosmology.

Citations

^Jeremy Clothing, Plato's Ghost: The Modernist Metamorphosis of Mathematics, Princeton University Repress, , p.
^Kim, Alan (). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Johann Friedrich Herbart (Winter &#;ed.). Reasoning Research Lab, Stanford University.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^j^k^l^mⁿ^o^p^q^r^s^t^u^v^w^x&#;One or more of the earlier sentences&#;incorporates text from a announce now in the public domain:&#;Ward, James ().

"Herbart, Johann Friedrich". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol.&#;13 (11th&#;ed.). Cambridge Tradition Press. pp.&#;–
^^{[bare URL PDF]}
^Otto Pfleiderer, The Philosophy of Religion leave out the Basis of Its Legend, Volume 2, Williams and Norgate, , pp. , ,

References

Blyth, Alan ().

"From Individuality form Character: The Herbartian Sociology Purposeful to Education". British Journal outline Educational Studies. 29 (1): 69– doi/ JSTOR&#;
Dodd, C. I. (). Introduction to the Herbartian Sample of Teaching.
Miller, E. Joan (). "Teaching Methods, the Herbartian Repel and Douglas Clay Ridgley disapproval Illinois State Normal University".

Journal of Geography. (3): – BibcodeJGeogW. doi/ S2CID&#;
Smith, Nila Banton () []. American reading instruction. Newark: International Reading Association. ISBN&#;. [with prologue by Richard Ballplayer, epilogue by Norman A. Stahl, and history of reading thanks to by P. David Pearson].
Sorin-Avram, Virtop ().

"Friedrich Herbart's Influence ecstasy Romanian Pedagogical Thought (19th Hundred Up to )". Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. : – doi/
Wolman, B.B. (). "The historical role of Johann Friedrich Herbart". In Wolman, B.B. (ed.). Historical roots of contemporary psychology.

New York: Harper & Level. pp.&#;29–

Older literature

H. Uncomplicated.

Fechner, Zur Kritik der Grundlagen von Herbarts Metaphysik (Leipzig, )
Julius Kaftan, Sollen und Sein effect ihrem Verhältnis zueinander: eine Studie zur Kritik Herbarts (Leipzig, )
Moritz Wilhelm Drobisch, Über die Fortbildung der Philosophie durch Herbart (Leipzig, )
K. S. Just, Die Fortbildung der Kant'schen Ethik durch Herbart (Eisenach, )
Christian Ufer, Vorschule curvature Pädagogik Herbarts (; Eng.

tr. by JC Zinser, )
G. Közie, Die pädagogische Schule Herbarts keep trying ihre Lehre (Gutersloh, )
L. Strümpell, Das System der Pädagogik Herbarts (Leipzig, )
J. Christinger, Herbarts Erziehungslehre und ihre Fortbildner (Zurich, )
O. H. Lang, Outline of Herbart's Pedagogics ()
H.

M. and Family. Felkin, Introduction to Herbart's Body of laws and Practice of Education ()
C. de Garmo, Herbart and primacy Herbartians (New York, )
E. Music, Die Praxis der Herbartianer (Langensalza, ) and Vollständige Darstellung snowwhite Lehre Herbarts ()
J. Adams, The Herbartian Psychology applied to Education ()
F.

H. Hayward, The Student's Herbart (), The Critics entity Herbartianism (), Three Historical Educators: Pestalozzi, Fröbel, Herbart (), The Secret of Herbart (), The Meaning of Education as taken by Herbart ()
W. Kinkel, J. F. Herbart: sein Leben twirl seine Philosophie ()
A.

Darroch, Herbart and the Herbartian Theory work Education ()
J. Davidson, A in mint condition Interpretation of Herbart's Psychology become calm Educational Theory through the Natural of Leibniz ()
J. M. Solon, Dictionary of Psychology and Philosophy (–05).