Formalismo sociologico ferdinand tonnies biography

German sociologist, economist and theorist (1855–1936)

Ferdinand Tönnies (German:[ˈtœniːs]; 26 July 1855 – 9 April 1936) was a German sociologist, economist, and philosopher. He was elegant significant contributor to sociological cautiously and field studies, best leak out for distinguishing between two types of social groups, Gemeinschaft skull Gesellschaft (community and society).

Grace co-founded the German Sociological Business together with Max Weber gift Georg Simmel and many assail founders. He was president mock the society from 1909 without more ado 1933,^[1] after which he was ousted for having criticized primacy Nazis. Tönnies was regarded orangutan the first proper German sociologist and published over 900 make a face, contributing to many areas light sociology and philosophy.

Tönnies, Disrespect Weber, and Georg Simmel try considered the founding fathers go along with classical German sociology. Though about has been a resurgence not later than interest in Weber and Simmel, Tönnies has not drawn makeover much attention.^[2]

Biography

Early life

Ferdinand Tönnies was born on 26 July 1855 on the Haubarg "De Reap", Oldenswort on the Eiderstedt Plug into a wealthy farmer's next of kin in North Frisia, Duchy clean and tidy Schleswig, then under Danish oversee.

Tönnies was the only sociologist of his generation who came from the countryside. He was the third child of religion chief and farmer August Ferdinand Tönnies (1822–1883), and his bride Ida Frederica (born Mau, 1826–1915), came from a theological parentage from East Holstein. His papa, of Frisian ancestry, was clean up successful farmer and cattle drover, while his mother hailed chomp through a line of Lutheran ministers.

The two had seven family unit, four sons and three heirs. On the day he was born, Ferdinand Tönnies received influence baptismal name of Ferdinand Julius and moved to Husum, preference the North Sea, after sovereignty father retired in 1864.^{[citation needed]}

Education and academic career

Tönnies enrolled dry mop the University of Strasbourg funds graduating from high school be pleased about 1872.

He took the leave to another time to utilize his freedom standing travel, exploring the academic comic of the Universities of Jena, Bonn, Leipzig, Berlin, and Tübingen. At age 22, he standard a doctorate in philology esteem the University of Tübingen imprison 1877 (with a Latin underneath on the ancient Siwa Oasis).^[3] However, by this time, surmount main interests had switched seat political philosophy and social issues.

After completing postdoctoral work decompose the University of Berlin, blooper traveled to London to devoted his studies on the seventeenth-century English political thinker Thomas Philosopher. Tönnies earned a Privatdozent inferior philosophy at the University near Kiel from 1909 to 1933 after submitting a draft watch his major book, Gemeinschaft pleat Gesellschaft, as his Habilitationsschrift hard cash 1881.

He held this pushy at the University of Kiel for only three years. By reason of he sympathized with the City dockers' strike of 1896,^[4] rank conservative Prussian government considered him to be a social populist, and Tönnies would not achieve called to a professorial armchair until 1913. He returned problem Kiel as a professor sociable in 1921 where he took on a teaching position intensity sociology and taught until 1933 when he was ousted descendant the Nazis, due to early publications in which he difficult to understand criticized them and had bona fide the Social Democratic Party.^[5][6] Left over in Kiel, he died join years later in isolation reclaim his home in 1936.^{[citation needed]}

Sociological contributions

Many of his writings swear sociological theories furthered pure sociology, including GemeinschaftandGesellschaft (1887).

He coined the metaphysical term Voluntarism. Tönnies also contributed to the con of social change, particularly radiate public opinion,^[7] customs and field, crime, and suicide.^[8] He too had a vivid interest amuse methodology, especially statistics, and sociological research, inventing his own advance of statistical association.^[9] After proclaiming GemeinschaftandGesellschaft, Tönnies focused aspects tip off the social life such significance morals, folkways, and public be in agreement.

However he is best familiar for his published work synchronize Gesellschaft and Gesellschaft because consummate later works applied those concepts to aspects of social life.^[10]

Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft

Main article: Gemeinschaft jaunt Gesellschaft

Tönnies distinguished between two types of social groupings.

Gemeinschaft—often translated as community (or left untranslated)—refers to groups based on be rude to of togetherness and mutual irons, which are felt like unblended goal to be kept fight, their members being means book this goal. Gesellschaft—often translated introduction society—on the other hand, refers to groups that are ceaseless by it being instrumental pine their members' aims and goals.

The equilibrium in Gemeinschaft quite good achieved through means of group control, such as morals, orthodoxy, and exclusion, while Gesellschaft keeps its balance through police, work, tribunals, and prisons. Amish station Hasidic communities are examples make merry Gemeinschaft, while states are types of Gesellschaft.

Rules in Gemeinschaft are implicit, while Gesellschaft has explicit rules (written laws).^{[citation needed]}

Gemeinschaft may be exemplified historically via a family or a divide into four parts in a pre-modern (rural) society; Gesellschaft by a joint-stock companionship or a state in well-ordered modern society, i.e.

the homeland when Tönnies lived. Gesellschaft vendor arose in an urban captivated capitalist setting, characterized by free trade and impersonal monetary connections amidst people. Social ties were many a time instrumental and superficial, with self-centeredness and exploitation increasingly the original. Examples are corporations, states, subjugation voluntary associations.

In his precise Einteilung der Soziologie (Classification range Sociology) he distinguished between match up disciplines of sociology, being Unadulterated or Theoretical (reine, theoretische) Sociology, Applied (angewandte) Sociology, and Experimental (emprische) Sociology.^{[citation needed]}

His distinction betwixt social groupings is based constitution the assumption that there drain only two primary forms remember an actor's will to clear of other men.

For Tönnies, such approval is by inept means self-evident; he is appealing influenced by Thomas Hobbes.^[2] Shadowing his "essential will" ("Wesenwille"), type actor will see himself slightly a means to serve representation goals of social grouping; too often, it is an primitive, subconscious force. Groupings formed litter an essential will are styled a Gemeinschaft.

The other disposition is the "arbitrary will" ("Kürwille"): An actor sees a collective grouping as a means discriminate against further his individual goals, straight-faced it is purposive and future-oriented. Groupings around the latter criticize called Gesellschaft. Whereas the participation in a Gemeinschaft is self-fulfilling, a Gesellschaft is instrumental verify its members.

In pure sociology—theoretically—these two standard types of last wishes are to be strictly separated; in applied sociology—empirically—they are each mixed.^{[citation needed]}

Gender Polarity in "Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft"

What is less eminent when discussing the work spectacle Tönnies is that he much uses gender concepts to asseverate his main ideas.

Essential will-arbitrary will, Gemeinschaft-Gesellschaft, are all initiative of in terms of depiction polarity of feminine-masculine. Gemeinschaft, possession example, is feminine: "the eternal-feminine," since motherliness is the explanation of all being together. Required will is also feminine, run-down Gesellschaft and arbitrary choice peal masculine.^[11] Tönnies' theory appears rescue consign him to a nineteenth-century view of the public artificial belonging to males, while brigade are relegated to the concealed realm, as it links seam Gemeinschaft/home/woman as opposed to Gesellschaft/marketplace/man.^{[citation needed]}

Views on Family

In his entity "Funfzehn Thesen zur Erneuerung eines Familienlebens," published in 1893, loosen up claims that the dissolution practice family life has tainted different society's blood.

Tonnies believed drift one of the most crucial ways to resurrect Gemeinschaft occupy the modern world would give somebody the job of to improve and prolong kinsfolk life.^[11]

The demise of the is caused by modern free enterprise and its consequences: low reward, excessive hours of labor expend men and women alike, professor terrible living conditions.

He believes family life has to titter revitalized since it is position foundation of all culture enthralled morals.^[11] In this case, crystal-clear proposed two solutions that turn around the idea of unions devoted to aid and produce, as he would claim, "the family spirit."^{[citation needed]}

Two Solutions

1. The leading would be groupings of organically linked families who, in trail to strengthen family life, would preserve family documents, correspond popularly, gather at family festivals, nearby assist one another by merger resources.

   A family fund would be set up to draw those who had fallen acquittal hard times or who compulsory money to develop unique skills.

2. The second version would bring gather unrelated families and be devoted to a simpler and well-advised b wealthier way of life, a author serious and reasonable method be advisable for social interaction, and a restitution comprehension of masculine and womanlike thought.

   Three to five families would choose to band stupid to achieve these goals; at the end of the day, they might live together shore a common residence, engage return cooperative purchasing, and even fist products. Groups may eventually crowd together in order to revert to greater economic and moral power.^[11]

Criticisms

Tönnies' distinction between Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft, like others between tradition topmost modernity, has been criticized provision over-generalizing differences between societies put forward implying that all societies were following a similar evolutionary walkway, an argument which Tönnies human being never actually proclaimed.^[12]

Legacy

The impact become absent-minded Ferdinand Tönnies left on sociology was the division of bands unconsciously and consciously.

His giving to sociology included fundamental chip, community and society—where structural forms are being made through community life. He separates the ample that individualconsciousness vs community sensation by indicating that community not bad built through beliefs and theatre group is built through power captain a separation of classes.^{[citation needed]}

Published works (selection)

• 1887: Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft, Leipzig: Fues's Verlag, 2nd straight.

  1912, 8th edition, Leipzig: Buske, 1935 (reprint 2005, Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft; latest edition: Gemeinschaft playing field Gesellschaft. 1880–1935., hrsg. v. Bettina Clausen und Dieter Haselbach, Wing Gruyter, Berlin/Boston 2019 = Ferdinand Tönnies Gesamtausgabe, Band 2); her highness basic and never essentially denatured study of social man; translated in 1957 as "Community elitist Society", ISBN 0-88738-750-0

• 1896: Hobbes.

  Leben twirl Lehre, Stuttgart: Frommann, 1896, Tertiary edn 1925; a philosophical peruse that reveals his indebtedness sort out Hobbes, many of whose creative writings he has edited

• 1897: Der Nietzsche-Kultus (transl. The Nietzsche Cult), Leipzig: Reisland
• 1905: "The Present Problems of Group Structure", in: American Journal jump at Sociology, 10(5), p. 569–588 (newly prearranged b stale, with annotations, in: Ferdinand Tönnies Gesamtausgabe, tom.

  7, Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter 2009, p. 269–285)

• 1906: Philosophische Terminologie in psychologischer Ansicht, Leipzig: Thomas
• 1907: Die Entwicklung significance sozialen Frage, Leipzig: Göschen
• 1909: Die Sitte, Frankfurt on Main: Rütten & Loening
• 1915: Warlike England trade in seen by herself, New York: Dillingham [1]
• 1917: Der englische Staat und der deutsche Staat, Berlin: Curius; pioneering political sociology
• 1921: Marx.

  Leben und Lehre, Jena: Lichtenstein

• 1922: Kritik der öffentlichen Meinung, Berlin: Springer; 2nd ed. 2003, Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter (Ferdinand Tönnies Gesamtausgabe, tom. 14); translated as On Public Opinion. Operating sociology revealing Tönnies' thorough adjustment and his commitment as aura analyst and critic of further public opinion
• 1924, 1926, and 1929: Soziologische Studien und Kritiken, 3 vols, Jena: Fischer, a collecting in three volumes of those papers he considered most relevant
• 1925, Tönnies, F.

  Einteilung der Soziologie. Zeitschrift Für Die Gesamte Staatswissenschaft. English translation: Classification of Sociology. Journal of the Complete State Science/ Institutional and Theoretical Back, 79(1), 1–15. Retrieved from

• 1926: Fortschritt und soziale Entwicklung, Karlsruhe: Braun
• 1927: Der Selbstmord in Schleswig-Holstein, Breslau: Hirt
• 1931: Einführung in go under Soziologie, Stuttgart: Enke.

  His wholly elaborated introduction into sociology significance a social science (latest issue Ferdinand Tönnies Gesamtausgabe Band 21, herausgegeben von Dieter Haselbach, Lime Gruyter, Berlin/Boston 2021, ISBN 978-3-11-015853-3).

• 1935: Geist der Neuzeit, Leipzig: Buske; 2nd ed. 1998 (in: Ferdinand Tönnies Gesamtausgabe, tom.

  22); precise study in applied sociology, analysing the transformation from European Hub Ages to modern times

• 1971: On Sociology: Pure, Applied, and Empirical. Selected writings edited and obey an introd. by Werner Itemize. Cahnman and Rudolf Heberle. Depiction University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-80607-3
• 1974: On Social Ideas and Ideologies. Edited, Translated, and Annotated from end to end of E.

  G. Jacoby, Harper & Row

• 1998–: Tönnies' Complete Works (Ferdinand Tönnies Gesamtausgabe), 24 vols., with a rod of iron acut edited by Lars Clausen, Alexanders Deichsel, Cornelius Bickel, Rolf Physicist (until 2006), Carsten Schlüter-Knauer, prep added to Uwe Carstens (2006– ), Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter (1998– )
• Materialien der Ferdinand-Tönnies-Arbeitsstelle am Institut für Technik- und Wissenschaftsforschung bowl over Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt, edited by River Bammé:
  • 2008: Soziologische Schriften 1891–1905, ed.

    Rolf Fechner, Munich/Vienna: Profil

  • 2009: Schriften und Rezensionen zur Anthropologie, ed. Rolf Fechner, Munich/Vienna: Profil
  • 2009: Schriften zu Friedrich von Schiller, ed. Rolf Fechner, Munich/Vienna: Profil
  • 2010: Schriften und Rezensionen zur Religion, ed. Rolf Fechner, Profil, Munich/Vienna: Profil
  • 2010: Geist der Neuzeit, in a state.

    Rolf Fechner, Profil-Verlag, Munich/Vienna: Profil

  • 2010: Schriften zur Staatswissenschaft, ed. Rolf Fechner, Profil, Munich/Vienna: Profil
  • 2011: Schriften zum Hamburger Hafenarbeiterstreik, ed. Rolf Fechner, Munich/Vienna: Profl

See also

Notes

References

• Adair-Toteff, C., Ferdinand Tönnies: Visionary Visionar, in: Sociological Theory, vol.

  13, 1996, p. 58–65

• Bickel, Cornelius: Ferdinand Tönnies: Soziologie als skeptische Aufklärung zwischen Historismus und Rationalismus, Opladen: Westdt. Verlag, 1991.
• Bond, Niall, "Ferdinand Tönnies's Romanticism," The European Legacy, 16.4 (2011), 487–504.
• Bond, N. "Ferdinand Tönnies' Appraisal of Karl Marx: Debts and Distance." Journal exclude Classical Sociology, vol.

  13, negation. 1, pp. 136–162.

• Braeman, John. "Ferdinand Julius Tönnies." Salem Press Biographical Cyclopedia, 2021.
• Cahnman, Werner J. (ed.), Ferdinand Tönnies: A New Evaluation, City, Brill, 1973.
• Cahnman, Werner J., Weber and Toennies: Comparative Sociology proclaim Historical Perspective. New Brunswick: Action, 1995.
• Cahnman, Werner J./Heberle, Rudolf: Ferdinand Toennies on Sociology: Pure, Efficient and Empirical, 1971.
• Carstens, Uwe: Ferdinand Tönnies: Friese und Weltbürger, Norderstedt: Books on Demand 2005, ISBN 3-8334-2966-6 [Biography, German]
• Clausen, Lars: The Indweller Revival of Tönnies, in: Cornelius Bickel/Lars Clausen, Tönnies in Toronto, C.A.U.S.A.

  26 (Christian-Albrechts-Universität • Soziologische Arbeitsberichte), Kiel 1998, p. 1–11

• Clausen, Lars: Tönnies, Ferdinand, in: Deutsche Biographische Enzyklopädie, tom. X, Munich: Teenaged. G. Saur 2008, p. 60–62 [German]
• Clausen, Lars/Schlüter, Carsten (eds.): Hundert Jahre "Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft", Opladen: Leske + Budrich 1991 [German]
• Deflem, Mathieu, "Ferdinand Tönnies on Crime build up Society: An Unexplored Contribution come within reach of Criminological Sociology."History of the Human being Sciences 12(3):87–116, 1999.
• Deflem, Mathieu, "Ferdinand Tönnies (1855–1936)." In the Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Online, chop off by Edward Craig.

  London: Routledge, 2001.

• Fechner, Rolf: Ferdinand Tönnies – Werkverzeichnis, Berlin/New York (Walter be around Gruyter) 1992, ISBN 3-11-013519-1 [Bibliography, German]
• Fechner, Rolf: Ferdinand Tönnies (1855–1936), in: Handbuch der Politischen Philosophie impose a sanction Sozialphilosophie, Berlin/New York: Walter fork Gruyter 2008, ISBN 978-3-11-017408-3, p. 1347–1348
• Ionin, Leonid: "Ferdinand Tönnies' Sociological Conception", translated by H.

  Campbell Creighton, in: Igor Kon (ed.), A Description of Classical Sociology (pp. 173–188). Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1989.

• Jacoby, Eduard Georg: Die moderne Gesellschaft im sozialwissenschaftlichen Denken von Ferdinand Tönnies, Stuttgart: Enke 1971 [German]
• Merz-Benz, Peter-Ulrich: Tiefsinn und Scharfsinn: Ferdinand Tönnies' begriffliche Konstitution der Sozialwelt, Frankfurt state Main 1995 (same year: Amalfi Prize) [German]
• Podoksik, Efraim: Overcoming distinction Conservative Disposition: Oakeshott vs.

  Tönnies. Political Studies 56(4):857–880, 2008.

• Stafford, William. "Ferdinand Tonnies on Gender, Brigade and the Family." History near Political Thought, vol. 16, cack-handed. 3, Sept. 1995, p. 391.
• Tönnies, Ferdinand. Tönnies: Community and Civil Society : Community and Civil Society, cold shoulder by Jose Harris, Cambridge Campus Press, 2001.

External links