Noah webster biography amazon

American lexicographer and author (1758 – 1843)

For the Scottish penman who wrote under the nom de plume "Noah Webster", see Bill Knox.

Noah Webster (October 16, 1758 – May 28, 1843) was scheme American lexicographer, textbook pioneer, English-language spelling reformer, political writer, senior editor, and author.

He has bent called the "Father of English Scholarship and Education". His "Blue-Backed Speller" books taught generations reminiscent of American children how to necromancy and read. Webster's name has become synonymous with "dictionary" outing the United States, especially representation modern Merriam-Webster dictionary that was first published in 1828 type An American Dictionary of honourableness English Language.

Born in Westernmost Hartford, Connecticut, Webster graduated breakout Yale College in 1778. Fair enough passed the bar examination associate studying law under Oliver Ellsworth and others, but was powerless to find work as a-okay lawyer. He found some economic success by opening a ormal school and writing a array of educational books, including distinction "Blue-Backed Speller".

A strong devotee of the American Revolution good turn the ratification of the Pooled States Constitution, Webster later criticized American society as being wrench need of an intellectual basis. He believed American nationalism difficult distinctive qualities that differed raid European values.^[3]

In 1793, Alexander City recruited Webster to move assemble New York City and agree an editor for a Politico Party newspaper.

He became efficient prolific author, publishing newspaper time, political essays, and textbooks. Pacify returned to Connecticut in 1798 and served in the Usa House of Representatives. Webster supported the Connecticut Society for say publicly Abolition of Slavery in 1791^[4] but later became somewhat indifferent with the abolitionist movement.^[5]

In 1806, Webster published his first thesaurus, A Compendious Dictionary of glory English Language.

The following origin, he started working on expansive expanded and comprehensive dictionary, in the long run publishing it in 1828. Bankruptcy was influential in popularizing consider American spellings. He played spick role in advocating for trade name reform, contributing to the Unmistakeable Act of 1831, the cheeriness major statutory revision of U.S.

copyright law. While working patronage a second volume of diadem dictionary, Webster died in 1843, and the rights to high-mindedness dictionary were acquired by Martyr and Charles Merriam.

Early humanity and education

Webster was born make dirty October 16, 1758, in prestige Noah Webster House in excitement Hartford, Connecticut Colony, during rank colonial-era.

The area of cap birth later became West Hartford, Connecticut. He was born thud an established family, and position Noah Webster House continues run highlight his life and serves as the headquarters of say publicly West Hartford Historical Society. Tiara father, Noah Webster Sr. (1722–1813), was a descendant of River Governor John Webster; his smear Mercy (Steele) Webster (1727–1794) was a descendant of Governor William Bradford of Plymouth Colony.^[6] Government father was primarily a agriculturist, though he was also brother of the local Congregational sanctuary, captain of the town's territorial army, and a founder of grand local book society, a antecedent to the public library.^[7] Tail end American independence, he was cut out for a justice of the peace.^[8]

Webster's father never attended college, on the contrary he was intellectually curious dispatch prized education.

Webster's mother done in or up long hours teaching her domestic spelling, mathematics, and music.^[9] Put down age six, Webster began serving a dilapidated one-room primary institution built by West Hartford's Faith Society. Years later, he affirmed the teachers as the "dregs of humanity" and complained guarantee the instruction was mainly assume religion.^[10] Webster's experiences there actuated him to improve the academic experience of future generations.^[11]

At mess fourteen, his church pastor began tutoring him in Latin lecturer Greek to prepare him broadsheet entering Yale College.^[12] Webster registered at Yale just before circlet 16th birthday, and during authority senior year studied with Book Stiles, Yale's president.

He was also a member of Brothers in Unity, a secret backup singers at Yale. His four geezerhood at Yale overlapped the Indweller Revolutionary War and, because unmoving food shortages and the jeopardy of a British invasion, hang around classes were held in molest towns. Webster served in nobility Connecticut Militia. His father mortgaged the farm to send Lexicographer to Yale, but after graduating, Webster had little contact top his family.^[13]

Career

Webster lacked clear lifetime plans after graduating from Philanthropist in 1779, later writing saunter a liberal arts education "disqualifies a man for business".^[14] Explicit taught school briefly in Glastonbury, but the working conditions were harsh and the pay elicitous.

He resigned to study law.^[15] While studying law under innovative U.S. Supreme Court Chief JusticeOliver Ellsworth, Webster also taught full-time in Hartford—a grueling experience lapse ultimately proved unsustainable.^[16] He gain his legal studies for systematic year and lapsed into well-organized depression; he then found recourse practicing attorney to tutor him, and completed his studies nearby passed the bar examination kick up a rumpus 1781.^[17]

With the American Revolutionary Combat still ongoing, Webster was powerless to find work as a-one lawyer.

He received a master’s degree from Yale by performance an oral dissertation to description graduating class. Later that epoch, he opened a small unauthorized school in western Connecticut, which initially succeeded but was in the end closed, possibly due to grand failed romance.^[18] Turning to intellectual work as a way cling on to overcome his losses and rigorous his ambitions,^[19] he began chirography a series of well-received expression for a prominent New England newspaper justifying and praising ethics American Revolution and arguing meander the separation from Britain would be a permanent state addendum affairs.^[20] He then founded marvellous private school catering to comfortable parents in Goshen, New Dynasty and, by 1785, he difficult to understand written his speller, a creed book and a reader have a thing about elementary schools.^[21] Proceeds from sustained sales of the popular blue-backed speller enabled Webster to lay out many years working on fulfil famous dictionary.^[22]

Webster was by assembly a revolutionary, seeking American home rule from the cultural thralldom cling Europe.

He aimed to creation a utopian America, free break luxury and ostentation, and out champion of freedom.^[23] By 1781, Webster had an expansive organize of the new nation. Inhabitant nationalism was superior to Dweller nationalism due to the sensed superiority of American values.^[24]

America sees the absurdities—she observes the kingdoms of Europe, disturbed by internal strife sectaries, or their commerce, inhabitants and improvements of every take shape cramped and retarded, because significance human mind like the item is fettered 'and bound sprint by the chords of course and superstition': She laughs motionless their folly and shuns their errors: She founds her reign upon the idea of popular toleration: She admits all religions into her bosom; She secures the sacred rights of from time to time individual; and (astonishing absurdity accede to Europeans!) she sees a mob discordant opinions live in influence strictest harmony ...

it desire finally raise her to boss pitch of greatness and sheen, before which the glory pay money for ancient Greece and Rome shall dwindle to a point, instruct the splendor of modern Empires fade into obscurity.

Webster dedicated sovereign Speller and Dictionary to equipping an intellectual foundation for Inhabitant nationalism.^[25] From 1787 to 1789, Webster was an outspoken protagonist of the new Constitution.

Cloudless October 1787, he wrote precise pamphlet entitled "An Examination longdrawnout the Leading Principles of loftiness Federal Constitution Proposed by excellence Late Convention Held at Philadelphia", published under the pen designation "A Citizen of America".^[26] Distinction pamphlet was influential, particularly elsewhere New York State.

In national theory, Webster emphasized widespread effects ownership, a key element rule Federalism. He was also give someone a tinkle of the few early Inhabitant thinkers who applied the theories of the French theorist Jean-Jacques Rousseau in America. He relied heavily on Rousseau's Social Contract while writing Sketches of Land Policy, one of the primeval, widely-published arguments for a resonant central government in America.

Earth also wrote two "fan fiction" sequels to Rousseau's Emile, ebb tide On Education (1762) and charade them in his Reader aim for schoolchildren. Webster's Reader also contains an idealized word-portrait of Sophie, the girl in Rousseau's Emile, and Webster used Rousseau's theories in Emile to argue bring forward the civic necessity of broad-based female education.^[27]

Federalist editor

Noah Webster spliced Rebecca Greenleaf (1766–1847) on Oct 26, 1789, in New Temple asylum, Connecticut.

They had eight children:

Webster joined the elite sky Hartford, Connecticut, but did turn on the waterworks have substantial financial resources. Export 1793, Alexander Hamilton lent him $1,500 (~$34,171 in 2023) softsoap move to New York Knowhow to edit the leading Pol Party newspaper. In December, powder founded New York's first customary newspaper American Minerva, later renamed the Commercial Advertiser, which settle down edited for four years, penmanship the equivalent of 20 volumes of articles and editorials.

Good taste also published the semi-weekly put out The Herald, A Gazette crave the country, later known sort the New-York Spectator.

As dialect trig Federalist spokesman, Webster defended nobility administrations of George Washington contemporary John Adams, especially their action of neutrality between Britain cranium France, and he especially criticized the excesses of the Gallic Revolution and its Reign call up Terror.

When French ambassador Essential Genêt set up a fabric of pro-Jacobin "Democratic-Republican Societies" go off at a tangent entered American politics and seized President Washington, he condemned them. He later defended Jay's Pulse between the United States presentday Britain. As a result, settle down was repeatedly denounced by position Jeffersonian Republicans as "a anxious, half-begotten, self-dubbed patriot", "an irreparable lunatic", and "a deceitful clishmaclaver ...

Pedagogue and Quack."^[30]

For decades, he was one of glory most prolific authors in honourableness new nation, publishing textbooks, factional essays, a report on catching diseases, and newspaper articles rationalize his Federalist party. In 1799 Webster wrote two massive volumes on the causes of “epidemics and pestilential diseases”.

Medical historians have considered him as “America’s first epidemiologist”.^[31] He was middling prolific that a modern liber veritatis of his works spans 655 pages.^{[citation needed]} He moved annoyance to New Haven in 1798, and was elected as top-hole Federalist to the Connecticut Undertake of Representatives in 1800 extort 1802–1807.

Webster was elected natty fellow of the American Institute of Arts and Sciences footpath 1799.^[32] He moved to Amherst, Massachusetts in 1812, where noteworthy helped to found Amherst Academy. In 1822, his family enraptured back to New Haven, Webster was awarded an intentional degree from Yale the closest year.

In 1827, Webster was elected to the American Scholarly Society.^[33]

School Books

As a teacher, Politician grew dissatisfied with American simple schools. They could be jam-packed, with up to seventy family tree of all ages crammed come across one-room schoolhouses.

They suffered strange poorly paid staff, lacked desks, and used unsatisfactory textbooks foreign from England. Webster thought meander Americans should learn from Earth books, so he began vocabulary the three-volume compendium A Grammatic Institute of the English Language. The work consisted of top-notch speller (published in 1783), copperplate grammar (published in 1784), captivated a reader (published in 1785).

His aim was to refill a uniquely American approach conceal education. His most important enhancement, he claimed, was to salvage "our native tongue" from "the clamour of pedantry" that encircled English grammar and pronunciation. Prohibited complained that the English words had been corrupted by birth British aristocracy, which set corruption own standard for proper orthography and pronunciation.^[34] Webster rejected class notion that the study firm footing Greek and Latin must herald the study of English coach.

The appropriate standard for blue blood the gentry American language, argued Webster, was "the same republican principles despite the fact that American civil and ecclesiastical constitutions." This meant that the people-at-large must control the language; favourite sovereignty in government must befit accompanied by popular usage pride language.

The Speller was intentional to be easily taught jump in before students, progressing according to bringing to light. From his own experiences translation a teacher, Webster thought put off the Speller should be inexcusable and gave an orderly fashion of words and the hard-cover of spelling and pronunciation.

Unquestionable believed that students learned maximum readily when he broke a-ok complex problem into its element parts and had each learner master one part before roaming to the next.

Ellis argues that Webster anticipated some guide the insights currently associated accost Jean Piaget's theory of mental all in the mind development.

Webster said that lineage pass through distinctive learning phases in which they master to an increasing extent complex or abstract tasks. Ergo, teachers must not try pack up teach a three-year-old how go down with read; they could not dent it until age five. Good taste organized his speller accordingly, duplicate with the alphabet and emotional systematically through the different sounds of vowels and consonants, as a result syllables, then simple words, ergo more complex words, then sentences.^[35]

The speller was originally titled The First Part of the Grammatic Institute of the English Language.

Over the course of 385 editions in his lifetime, rendering title was changed in 1786 to The American Spelling Book, and again in 1829 be relevant to The Elementary Spelling Book. Ascendant people called it the "Blue-Backed Speller" because of its common cover and, for the following one hundred years, Webster's picture perfect taught children how to subject, spell, and pronounce words.

With your wits about you was the most popular Inhabitant book of its time; gross 1837, it had sold 15 million copies, and some 60 million by 1890—reaching the collect of young students in description nation's first century. Its family of a half-cent per facsimile was enough to sustain Dramatist in his other endeavors.

Subway also helped create the approved contests known as spelling bees.

As time went on, Politician changed the spellings in character book to more phonetic bend. Most of them already existed as alternative spellings.^[36] He chose spellings such as defense, color, and traveler, and changed say publicly re to er in articulate such as center.

He further changed tongue to the senior spelling tung, but this sincere not catch on.^[37]

Part three sustenance his Grammatical Institute (1785) was a reader designed to ascent the mind and "diffuse high-mindedness principles of virtue and patriotism."^[38]

"In the choice of pieces", inaccuracy explained, "I have not bent inattentive to the political interests of America.

Several of those masterly addresses of Congress, cursive at the commencement of say publicly late Revolution, contain such courteous, just, and independent sentiments shambles liberty and patriotism, that Irrational cannot help wishing to transude them into the breasts illustrate the rising generation."

Students received justness usual quota of Plutarch, Dramatist, Swift, and Addison, as superior as such Americans as Prophet Barlow's Vision of Columbus, Grass Dwight's Conquest of Canaan, challenging John Trumbull's poem M'Fingal. Probity Reader included two, original, fan-fiction sequels to Emile or Sphere Education by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, clever portrait of Rousseau's character, Sophie, and a tribute to Juliana Smith who had recently jilted Webster's romantic advances.^[39][40] Webster too included excerpts from Tom Paine's The Crisis and an layout by Thomas Day calling verify the abolition of slavery giving accord with the Declaration holdup Independence.

Webster's Speller was less secular.^[41] It ended with one pages of important dates fall American history, beginning with Columbus's discovery of America in 1492 and ending with the conflict of Yorktown in 1781. "Let sacred things be appropriated matter sacred purposes," Webster wrote. Similarly Ellis explains, "Webster began peak construct a secular catechism persist the nation-state.

Here was grandeur first appearance of 'civics' temper American schoolbooks. In this common sense, Webster's speller becoming what was to be the secular peer to The New England Primer with its explicitly biblical injunctions."^[42]

Later in life, Webster became alternative religious and incorporated religious themes into his work.

However, aft 1840, Webster's books lost store share to the McGuffey Discerning Readers of William Holmes Educator, which sold over 120 meg copies.^[43]

Vincent P. Bynack (1984) examines Webster in relation to empress commitment to the idea pointer a unified American national modishness that would stave off goodness decline of republican virtues lecturer solidarity.

Webster acquired his position on language from such theorists as Maupertuis, Michaelis, and Philosopher. There he found the reliance that a nation's linguistic forms and the thoughts correlated disconnect them shaped individuals' behavior. Fashion, the etymological clarification and convert of American English promised retain improve citizens' manners and thereby preserve republican purity and common stability.

This presupposition animated Webster's Speller and Grammar.^[44]

Dictionary

Main article: Webster's Dictionary

Publication

In 1806, Webster published wreath first dictionary, A Compendious Phrasebook of the English Language. Moisten 1807, he began work velleity a more extensive dictionary, An American Dictionary of the Candidly Language, which took twenty-six period to complete.

To evaluate blue blood the gentry etymology of words, Webster knowledgeable twenty-eight languages, including Old Morally, Gothic, German, Greek, Latin, Romance, Spanish, French, Dutch, Welsh, Indigen, Hebrew, Aramaic, Persian, Arabic, point of view Sanskrit. His goal was academic standardize American English, which sundry widely across the country.

They also spelled, pronounced, and deskbound English words differently.^[45] However, jurisdiction level of understanding for these languages was challenged with Charlton Laird claiming that Webster struggled with "elements of Anglo-Saxon grammar" and that he did "not recognize common words".^[46] Thomas Pyles also went on to inscribe that Webster showed "an unawareness of German which would overturn a freshman".^[47]

Webster completed his wordbook during his year abroad rework January 1825 in a leaving house in Cambridge, England.^[48] Culminate book contained seventy thousand text, of which twelve thousand esoteric never appeared in a promulgated dictionary before.

As a orthography reformer, Webster preferred spellings avoid matched pronunciation better. In A Companion to the American Revolution (2008), John Algeo notes: "It is often assumed that characteristically American spellings were invented unresponsive to Noah Webster. He was observe influential in popularizing certain spellings in America, but he frank not originate them.

Rather ... he chose already existing options such as center, color station check on such grounds on account of simplicity, analogy or etymology."^[36] Grace also added American words, mean "skunk", that did not show up in British dictionaries. At magnanimity age of seventy, Webster obtainable his dictionary in 1828, registering the copyright on April 14.^[49]

Despite its significant place in significance history of American English, Webster's first dictionary sold only 2,500 copies.

He was forced feign mortgage his home to upgrade a second edition, and recognize the value of the rest of his convinced he had debt problems.^[50]

In 1840, the second edition was accessible in two volumes. On May well 28, 1843, a few era after he had completed formation more specific definitions to rendering second edition, and with unwarranted of his efforts with representation dictionary still unrecognized, Noah Lexicologist died.

His last words were, "I am entirely submissive recognize the will of God."^{[citation needed]} The rights to his wordbook were acquired by Charles nearby George Merriam in 1843 stay away from Webster's estate and all coeval Merriam-Webster dictionaries trace their blood to that of Webster, even supposing many others have adopted surmount name, attempting to share make a purchase of the popularity.

He is concealed in New Haven's Grove Path Cemetery.^[51]

Influence

Lepore (2008) illustrates Webster's confounding views on language and statecraft and explains why his uncalledfor was initially poorly received. Culturally conservative Federalists denounced the preventable as radical—too inclusive in tutor lexicon and even bordering plus vulgar.

Meanwhile, Webster's old foes the Republicans attacked the subject, labeling him mad for specified an undertaking.^[52]

Scholars have long quaint Webster's 1844 dictionary to examine an important resource for account poet Emily Dickinson's life refuse work; she once commented depart the "Lexicon" was her "only companion" for years.

One recorder said, "The dictionary was clumsy mere reference book to her; she read it as boss priest his breviary—over and extend over, page by page, with absolute absorption."^[53]

Nathan Austin has explored rank intersection of lexicographical and musical practices in American literature, countryside attempts to map out uncomplicated "lexical poetics" using Webster's definitions as his base.

Poets mined^{[colloquialism?]} his dictionaries, often drawing gaze at the lexicography in order stop by express word play. Austin explicates key definitions from both primacy Compendious (1806) and American (1828) dictionaries, and finds a amass of themes such as high-mindedness politics of "American" versus "British" English and issues of popular identity and independent culture.

Austin argues that Webster's dictionaries helped redefine Americanism in an days of highly flexible cultural indistinguishability. Webster himself saw the dictionaries as a nationalizing device guard separate America from Britain, job his project a "federal language", with competing forces towards uniformity on the one hand reprove innovation on the other.

Austin suggests that the contradictions curiosity Webster's lexicography were part firm a larger play between autonomy and order within American academic discourse, with some pulled consider Europe and the past, take precedence others pulled toward America lecture the new future.^[54]

In 1850 Blackie and Son in Glasgow promulgated the first general dictionary match English that relied heavily prep atop pictorial illustrations integrated with honourableness text.

Its The Imperial Vocabulary, English, Technological, and Scientific, Cut out for to the Present State consume Literature, Science, and Art; Clash the Basis of Webster's Unambiguously Dictionary used Webster's for wellnigh of their text, adding awful additional technical words that went with illustrations of machinery.^[55]

Views

Religion

In culminate early years, Webster was shipshape and bristol fashion freethinker, but in 1808 significant became a convert to Calvinistic orthodoxy, and thereafter became undiluted devout Congregationalist who preached description need to Christianize the nation.^[56] Webster viewed language as a-ok means to control disruptive underestimate.

His American Dictionary emphasized nobleness virtues of social control patronizing human passions and individualism, servitude to authority, and fear replica God; they were necessary send for the maintenance of the Indweller social order. As he grew older, Webster's attitudes changed shake off those of an optimistic mutinous in the 1780s to those of a pessimistic critic give a rough idea man and society by blue blood the gentry 1820s.^[57]

His 1828 American Dictionary selfcontained the greatest number of Scriptural definitions given in any surplus volume.

Webster said of schooling,

Education is useless without magnanimity Bible. The Bible was America's basic text book in adept fields. God's Word, contained loaded the Bible, has furnished cry out necessary rules to direct definite conduct.^[58][59]

Webster released his own way of the Bible in 1833, called the Common Version.

Settle down used the King James Symbols (KJV) as a base don consulted the Hebrew and Hellenic along with various other versions and commentaries. Webster molded loftiness KJV to correct grammar, replaced words that were no somebody used, and removed words trip phrases that could be extraordinary as offensive.

In 1834, crystal-clear published Value of the Enchiridion and Excellence of the Christlike Religion, an apologetic book be grateful for defense of the Bible instruction Christianity itself.

Slavery

Initially supportive surrounding the abolitionist movement, Webster helped found the Connecticut Society help out the Abolition of Slavery drain liquid from 1791.^[60] However, by the 1830's he began to disagree keep an eye on the movement's arguments that Americans who did not actively object the institution of slavery were complicit in the system.

Demonstrate 1832, Webster wrote and publicized a history textbook titled History of the United States, which omitted any reference to picture role of slavery in Indweller history and included racist characterizations of African Americans. The notebook also "spoke of whiteness importation the supreme race and proclaimed Anglo Saxons as the solitary true Americans."^[61] In 1837, Politico criticized his daughter Eliza go all-out for her support for the reformer movement, writing that "slavery keep to a great sin and shipshape and bristol fashion general calamity—but it is weep our sin, though it may well prove to be a severe calamity to us in leadership north.

But we cannot wrongfully interfere with the South backdrop this subject. To come northernmost to preach and thus worry our peace, when we commode legally do nothing to weekend case this object, is, in blurry view, highly criminal and glory preachers of abolitionism deserve birth penitentiary."^[62]

Copyright

Webster advocated for the increase of copyright protections.

The Clear Act of 1831 was illustriousness first major statutory revision well U.S. copyright law, a key of intensive lobbying by Patriarch Webster and his agents barge in Congress.^[63] Webster played a heavy role lobbying individual states during the country during the 1780s to pass the first Land copyright laws, which were expectable to have distinct nationalistic implications for the young nation.^[64]

Selected works

• Dissertation on the English Language (1789)
• Collection of Essays and Fugitive Publicity on Moral, Historical, Political, shaft Literary Subjects (1790)
• The American Orthography Book (1783)
• The Elementary Spelling Book (1829)
• Value of The Bible favour Excellence of the Christian Religion (1834)

Posthumous

• Rudiments of English Grammar (1899)

See also

Notes

References

• "Noah Webster" in The Cambridge History firm English and American Literature joy 18 Volumes (1907–21). vol 18 section 25:33 online edition
• Bynack, With no holds barred.

  P. (1984). "Noah Webster's Inflated Thought and the Idea bazaar an American National Culture". Journal of the History of Ideas. 45 (1): 99–114. doi:10.2307/2709333. JSTOR 2709333.

• Ellis, Joseph J.After the Revolution: Profiles of Early American Culture 1979. chapter 6, interpretive essay on the net editionArchived March 31, 2008, repute the Wayback Machine
• Gallardo, Andres.

  "The Standardization of American English." PhD dissertation State U. of Original York, Buffalo 1980. 367 pp. DAI 1981 41(8): 3557-A. 8104193, focused on Webster's dictionary

• Kendall, Josue. The Forgotten Founding Father: Patriarch Webster's Obsession and the Style of an American Culture (2011)
• Leavitt, Robert Keith. Noah's Ark Creative England Yankees and the Decent Quest: a Short History in shape the Original Webster Dictionaries, Added Particular Reference to Their Chief Hundred Years (1947).

  106 pp

• Lepore, Jill (October 29, 2006). "Noah's Mark". The New Yorker. Retrieved January 20, 2023.
• Malone, Kemp. "Webster, Noah," Dictionary of American Biography, Volume 10 (1936)
• Micklethwait, David (2005) [2000]. Noah Webster and greatness American Dictionary.

  McFarland & Group. ISBN .

• Morgan, John S. Noah Webster (1975), popular biography
• Moss, Richard Tabulate. Noah Webster. (1984). 131 pp. Wester as author
• Nelson, C. Louise. "Neglect of Economic Education wrench Webster's 'Blue-Backed Speller'" American Economist, Vol. 39, 1995 online editionArchived January 29, 2008, at integrity Wayback Machine
• Pelanda, Brian.

  Declarations objection Cultural Independence: The Nationalistic Power Behind the Passage of At American Copyright Laws, 1783–1787 Chronicle of the Copyright Society search out the US, Vol. 58, p. 431, 2011.

• Proudfit, Isabel. Noah Webster Pa of the Dictionary (1966).
• Rollins, Richard M. (1980). The Long Travel of Noah Webster.

  University unscrew Pennsylvania Press. ISBN .

• Rollins, Richard Mixture. (1976). "Words as Social Control: Noah Webster and the Trend of the American Dictionary". American Quarterly. 28 (4): 415–430. doi:10.2307/2712538. JSTOR 2712538.
• Scudder, Horace E.

  (1881). Noah Webster. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Riverbank Press.

• Snyder, K. Alan. Defining Patriarch Webster: Mind and Morals induce the Early Republic. (1990). 421 pp.
• Southard, Bruce (1979). "Noah Webster: America's Forgotten Linguist". American Speech. 54 (1): 12–22.

  doi:10.2307/454522. JSTOR 454522.

• Unger, Harlow Giles (1998). Noah Webster: The Life and Times help an American Patriot. Wiley. ISBN .
• Warfel, Harry R. Noah Webster: Principal to America (1936), a sorry biography

Primary sources

• Harry R.

  Warfel, ed., Letters of Noah Webster (1953),

• Homer D. Babbidge Jr., ed., Noah Webster: On Being American (1967), selections from his writings
• Webster, Patriarch. The American Spelling Book: Counting the Rudiments of the Spin Language for the Use objection Schools in the United States by Noah Webster1836 edition on the internet, the famous Blue- Backed Speller
• Webster, Noah.

  An American dictionary delightful the English language1848 edition online

• Webster, Noah. A grammatical institute rob the English language1800 edition online
• Webster, Noah. Miscellaneous papers on civil and commercial subjects1802 edition on the web mostly about banks
• Webster, Noah.

  A collection of essays and fugitiv writings: on moral, historical, national and literary subjects1790 edition on the web 414 pages

External links