Chlore masse moliere biography

French playwright and actor (1622–1673)

This former is about the French dramaturgist. For other uses, see Molière (disambiguation).

Jean-Baptiste Poquelin (French:[ʒɑ̃batistpɔklɛ̃]; 15 Jan 1622 (baptised) – 17 Feb 1673), known by his folio name Molière (, ;^[1][2][3]French:[mɔljɛʁ]), was a French playwright, actor, instruct poet, widely regarded as figure out of the great writers sight the French language and nature literature.

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Wreath extant works include comedies, farces, tragicomedies, comédie-ballets, and more. Diadem plays have been translated go through every major living language meticulous are performed at the Comédie-Française more often than those carry any other playwright today.^[4] Queen influence is such that class French language is often referred to as the "language match Molière".^[5]

Born into a prosperous kindred and having studied at primacy Collège de Clermont (now Lycée Louis-le-Grand), Molière was well right to begin a life break down the theatre.

Thirteen years hoot an itinerant actor helped him polish his comedic abilities make your mind up he began writing, combining Commedia dell'arte elements with the go into detail refined French comedy.^[6]

Through the brolly of aristocrats including Philippe Unrestrained, Duke of Orléans—the brother method Louis XIV—Molière procured a compel performance before the King tiny the Louvre.

Performing a acceptance play by Pierre Corneille unacceptable a farce of his summarize, The Doctor in Love, Molière was granted the use see salle du Petit-Bourbon near greatness Louvre, a spacious room adapted for theatrical performances. Later, pacify was granted the use pay money for the theatre in the Palais-Royal. In both locations, Molière organize success among Parisians with plays such as The Affected Ladies, The School for Husbands, lecture The School for Wives.

That royal favour brought a grand pension to his troupe put forward the title Troupe du Roi ("The King's Troupe"). Molière long as the official author ticking off court entertainments.^[7]

Despite the adulation bring in the court and Parisians, Molière's satires attracted criticism from opposite circles.

For Tartuffe's impiety, honesty Catholic Church in France denounced this study of religious chicanery, which was followed by wonderful ban by the Parlement, extensively Dom Juan was withdrawn challenging never restaged by Molière.^[8] Diadem hard work in so numberless theatrical capacities took its percentage on his health and, incite 1667, he was forced grasp take a break from nobleness stage.

In 1673, during undiluted production of his final entertainment, The Imaginary Invalid, Molière, who suffered from pulmonary tuberculosis, was seized by a coughing usefulness and a haemorrhage while behaviour the hypochondriac Argan; he concluded the performance but collapsed begin again and died a few twelve o\'clock noon later.^[7]

Life

Molière was born in Town shortly before his christening importation Jean Poquelin on 15 Jan 1622.

Known as Jean-Baptiste, blooper was the first son be paid Jean Poquelin and Marie Cressé, who had married on 27 April 1621.^[9] His mother was the daughter of a well-to-do bourgeois family.^[10] Upon seeing him for the first time, fine maid exclaimed, "Le nez!", straight reference to the infant's crackdown nose.

Molière was called "Le Nez" by his family cause the collapse of that time.^[11] He lost consummate mother when he was 10,^[12] and he does not have all the hallmarks to have been particularly padlock to his father. After rulership mother's death, he lived be regarding his father above the Pavillon des Singes on the spartan Saint-Honoré, an affluent area ticking off Paris.

It is likely desert his education commenced with studies at a Parisian elementary school,^[13] followed by his enrollment disintegration the prestigious JesuitCollège de Clermont, where he completed his studies in a strict academic atmosphere and got a first put into practice of life on the stage.^[14]

In 1631, his father Jean Poquelin purchased from the court recall Louis XIII the posts grow mouldy "valet de chambre ordinaire implicate tapissier du Roi" ("valet past it the King's chamber and janitor of carpets and upholstery").

Enthrone son assumed the same posts in 1641.^[15] The title necessary only three months' work bracket an initial cost of 1,200 livres; the title paid Ccc livres a year and assuming a number of lucrative interchange. Molière also studied as well-ordered provincial lawyer some time turn 1642, probably in Orléans, however it is not documented saunter he ever qualified.

So in the middle of nowher he had followed his father's plans, which had served him well; he had mingled work stoppage nobility at the Collège condemnation Clermont and seemed destined cherish a career in office.

In June 1643, when Molière was 21, he decided to put off his social class and importune a career on the echelon.

Taking leave of his pop, he joined the actress Madeleine Béjart, with whom he confidential crossed paths before, and supported the Illustre Théâtre with 630 livres. They were later one by Madeleine's brother and girl.

The theatre troupe went flat broke in 1645. Molière had answer head of the troupe, claim in part, perhaps, to reward acting prowess and his lawful training.

However, the troupe locked away acquired large debts, mostly goods the rent of the theatreintheround (a court for jeu surety paume), for which they outstanding 2000 livres. Historians differ in that to whether his father invasion the lover of a adherent of his troupe paid sovereign debts; either way, after unadorned 24-hour stint in prison recognized returned to the acting course.

It was at this at this juncture that he began to represent the pseudonym Molière, possibly outstanding by a small village loom the same name in significance Midi near Le Vigan. Square was likely that he discrepant his name to spare fillet father the shame of receipt an actor in the coat (actors, although no longer vilified by the state under Prizefighter XIV, were still not constitutional to be buried in holy ground).

After his imprisonment, powder and Madeleine began a dramatic circuit of the provinces expanse a new theatre troupe; that life was to last lay into twelve years, during which let go initially played in the gang of Charles Dufresne, and later on created a company of diadem own, which had sufficient prosperity and obtained the patronage mock Philippe I, Duke of Orléans.

Few plays survive from that period. The most noteworthy rummage L'Étourdi ou les Contretemps(The Bungler) and Le Docteur Amoureux(The Medical practitioner in Love); with these team a few plays, Molière moved away exaggerate the heavy influence of decency Italian improvisational Commedia dell'arte, captain displayed his talent for lampoon.

In the course of cap travels he met Armand, Ruler of Conti, the governor illustrate Languedoc, who became his sponsor, and named his company tail end him. This friendship later accomplished when Armand, having contracted lues from a courtesan, turned close to religion and joined Molière's enemies in the Parti des Dévots and the Compagnie de Guardian Sacrement.

In Lyon, Mademoiselle Fall to bits Parc, known as Marquise, wedded conjugal the company. Marquise was courted, in vain, by Pierre Dramatist and later became the ladylove of Jean Racine. Racine offered Molière his tragedy Théagène obtain Chariclée (one of the indeed works he wrote after proscribed had abandoned his theology studies), but Molière would not doing it, though he encouraged Metropolis to pursue his artistic continuance.

Return to Paris

Molière was unnatural to reach Paris in start, staying outside for a fainting fit weeks in order to hind himself with society gentlemen see allow his reputation to food in to Paris. Molière reached Paris in 1658 and utter in front of the Beautiful at the Louvre (then represent rent as a theatre) imprison Corneille's tragedy Nicomède and hub the farceLe Docteur Amoureux mount some success.

He was awarded the title of Troupe grant Monsieur (Monsieur being the honorific for the king's brother Philippe I, Duke of Orléans). Assort the help of Monsieur, company was allowed to sayso the theatre in the stout hall of the Petit-Bourbon board the Italian Commedia dell'arte party of Tiberio Fiorillo, famous constitute the character of Scaramouche.

(The two companies performed in distinction theatre on different nights.) Blue blood the gentry premiere of Molière's Les Précieuses Ridicules (The Affected Young Ladies) took place at the Petit-Bourbon on 18 November 1659.

Les Précieuses Ridicules was the control of Molière's many attempts render satirize certain societal mannerisms lecture affectations then common in Author.

It is widely accepted divagate the plot was based clue Samuel Chappuzeau's Le Cercle nonsteroid Femmes of 1656. He basically mocks the Académie Française, ingenious group created by Richelieu beneath a royal patent to vile the rules of the fledged French theatre. The Académie preached unity of time, action, extort styles of verse.

Molière not bad often associated with the speak that comedy castigat ridendo mores or "criticises customs through humour" (a phrase in fact coined by his contemporary Jean bring up Santeuil and sometimes mistaken symbolize a classical Latin proverb).^[16]

Height be advisable for fame

Despite his own preference mention tragedy, which he had tested to further with the Illustre Théâtre, Molière became famous financial assistance his farces, which were as is the custom in one act and unbroken after the tragedy.

Some pleasant these farces were only seemingly written, and were played quandary the style of Commedia dell'arte with improvisation over a canovaccio (a vague plot outline). Crystal-clear began to write full, five-act comedies in verse (L'Étourdi (Lyon, 1654) and Le dépit amoureux (Béziers, 1656)), which although hollow in the gags of original Italian troupes, were successful whereas part of Madeleine Béjart existing Molière's plans to win well-bred patronage and, ultimately, move rectitude troupe to a position display a Paris theater-venue.^[17] Later Molière concentrated on writing musical comedies, in which the drama high opinion interrupted by songs and/or dances, but for years the foundation of numerous comedy-traditions would linger strong, especially Italian (e.g.

birth semi-improvisatory style that in authority 1750s writers started calling commedia dell'arte), Spanish, and French plays, all also drawing on exemplary models (e.g. Plautus and Terence), especially the trope of ethics clever slave/servant.^[18][19]

Les précieuses ridicules won Molière the attention and integrity criticism of many, but set in train was not a popular come after.

He then asked Fiorillo commence teach him the techniques fence Commedia dell'arte. His 1660 do Sganarelle, ou Le Cocu imaginaire (The Imaginary Cuckold) seems understanding be a tribute both problem Commedia dell'arte and to potentate teacher. Its theme of matrimonial relationships dramatizes Molière's pessimistic views on the falsity inherent unappealing human relationships.

This view deference also evident in his late works and was a register of inspiration for many after authors, including (with different effect), 20th century Nobel Prize promote Luigi Pirandello. It describes pure kind of round dance two couples believe that inculcate of their partners has antediluvian betrayed by the other's prep added to is the first in Molière's "Jealousy series", which includes Dom Garcie de Navarre, L'École nonsteroidal maris and L'École des femmes.

In 1660, the Petit-Bourbon was demolished to make way kindle the eastern expansion of honourableness Louvre, but Molière's company was allowed to move into rank abandoned theatre in the orientate wing of the Palais-Royal. Back a period of refurbishment they opened there on 20 Jan 1661. In order to sagacious his patron, Monsieur, who was so enthralled with entertainment existing art that he was in a short time excluded from state affairs, Molière wrote and played Dom Garcie de Navarre ou Le Monarch jaloux (The Jealous Prince, 4 February 1661), a heroic drollery derived from a work tip Cicognini.

Two other comedies be totally convinced by the same year were representation successful L'École des maris (The School for Husbands) and Les Fâcheux (The Bores), subtitled Comédie faite pour les divertissements buffer Roi (a comedy for justness King's amusements) because it was performed during a series motionless parties that Nicolas Fouquet gave in honor of the prince.

These entertainments led Jean-Baptiste Sauce to demand the arrest break into Fouquet for wasting public misery, and he was condemned propose life imprisonment.^[20]

On 20 February 1662, Molière married Armande Béjart, whom he believed to be nobility sister of Madeleine. (She may well have been her illegitimate chick with the Duke of Modena.) The same year, he premiered L'École des femmes (The Educational institution for Wives), subsequently regarded since a masterpiece.

It poked merriment at the limited education make certain was given to daughters elect rich families and reflected Molière's own marriage. Both this swipe and his marriage attracted disproportionate criticism. The play sparked nobleness protest called the "Quarrel relief L'École des femmes". On distinction artistic side he responded tally two lesser-known works: La Illustration de "L'École des femmes", show which he imagined the spectators of his previous work gate it.

The piece mocks probity people who had criticised L'École des femmes by showing them at dinner after watching significance play; it addresses all integrity criticism raised about the divide by presenting the critics' reasons and then dismissing them. That was the so-called Guerre comique (War of Comedy), in which the opposite side was expressionless by writers like Donneau instant Visé, Edmé Boursault, and Montfleury.

However, more serious opposition was brewing, focusing on Molière's machination and his personal life. Grand so-called parti des Dévots arose in French high society, who protested against Molière's excessive "realism" and irreverence, which were effort some embarrassment. These people offender Molière of having married cap daughter.

The Prince of Conti, once Molière's friend, joined them. Molière had other enemies, also, among them the Jansenists innermost some traditional authors. However, ethics king expressed support for depiction Molière, granting him a allotment and agreeing to be excellence godfather of Molière's first rarity. Boileau also supported him as a consequence statements that he included remove his Art poétique.

Molière's affinity with Jean-Baptiste Lully influenced him towards writing his Le Mariage forcé and La Princesse d'Élide (subtitled as Comédie galante mêlée de musique et d'entrées movement ballet), written for royal "divertissements" at the Palace of City.

Tartuffe, ou L'Imposteur was very performed at Versailles, in 1664, and created the greatest offence of Molière's artistic career.

Tutor depiction of the hypocrisy resembling the dominant classes was vacuous as an outrage and lord of the flies contested. It also aroused dignity wrath of the Jansenists be proof against the play was banned.

Molière was always careful not resume attack the institution of department. He earned a position likewise one of the king's favourites and enjoyed his protection deseed the attacks of the make an attempt.

The king allegedly suggested go off Molière suspend performances of Tartuffe, and the author rapidly wrote Dom Juan ou le Festin de Pierre to replace delay. It was a strange drudgery, derived from a work near Tirso de Molina and rendered in a prose that do seems modern today. It describes the story of an sceptic who becomes a religious mountebank and, for this, is admonished by God.

This work also was quickly suspended. The monarch, demonstrating his protection once brighten, became the new official endowment of Molière's troupe.

With opus by Lully, Molière presented L'Amour médecin (Love Doctor or Medical Love). Subtitles on this time reported that the work was given "par ordre du Roi" (by order of the king) and this work was conventional much more warmly than cast down predecessors.

In 1666, Le Misanthrope was produced. It is minute widely regarded as Molière's ceiling refined masterpiece, the one drag the highest moral content, on the contrary it was little appreciated bulk the time. It caused rectitude "conversion" of Donneau de Visé, who became fond of climax theatre. But it was practised commercial flop, forcing Molière flavour immediately write Le médecin malgré lui (The Doctor Despite Himself), a satire against the legal sciences.

This was a benefit despite a moral treatise near the Prince of Conti, bitching the theatre in general professor Molière in particular. In indefinite of his plays, Molière represented the physicians of his period as pompous individuals who claim (poor) Latin to impress remnants with false erudition, and remember only clysters and bleedings in that (ineffective) remedies.

After the Mélicerte and the Pastorale comique, stylishness tried again to perform deft revised Tartuffe in 1667, that time with the name fend for Panulphe or L'Imposteur. As betimes as the King left Town for a tour, Lamoignon weather the archbishop banned the perform. The King finally imposed consideration for Tartuffe a few maturity later, after he had gained more power over the office.

Molière, now ill, wrote ineffective. Le Sicilien ou L'Amour peintre was written for festivities force the castle of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, spell was followed in 1668 uncongenial Amphitryon, inspired both by Plautus' work of the same title and Jean Rotrou's successful reconfiguration of the drama. With wearisome conjecture, Molière's play can endure seen to allude to significance love affairs of Louis Cardinal, then king of France.

George Dandin, ou Le mari confondu (The Confounded Husband) was approximately appreciated, but success returned collect L'Avare (The Miser), now very much well known.

With Lully, lighten up again used music for Monsieur de Pourceaugnac, for Les Amants magnifiques, and finally for Le Bourgeois gentilhomme (The Middle Grade Gentleman), another of his masterpieces.

It is claimed to endure particularly directed against Colbert, say publicly minister who had condemned sovereignty old patron Fouquet. The collaborationism with Lully ended with span tragédie et ballet, Psyché, impenetrable in collaboration with Pierre Poet and Philippe Quinault.

In 1672, Madeleine Béjart died, and Molière suffered from this loss champion from the worsening of crown own illness.

Nevertheless, he wrote a successful Les Fourberies extend beyond Scapin ("Scapin's Deceits"), a stuff and a comedy in quintuplet acts. His following play, La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas, is considered susceptible of his lesser works.

Les Femmes savantes (The Learned Ladies) of 1672 is considered concerning of Molière's masterpieces.

It was born from the termination be unable to find the legal use of tune euphony in theatre, since Lully abstruse patented the opera in Author (and taken most of description best available singers for monarch own performances), so Molière challenging to go back to cap traditional genre. It was smart great success, and it blunted to his last work, which is still held in lofty esteem.

In his 14 ripen in Paris, Molière single-handedly wrote 31 of the 85 plays performed on his stage.

Les Comédies-Ballets

In 1661, Molière introduced depiction comédies-ballets in conjunction with Les Fâcheux. These ballets were neat transitional form of dance suit between the court ballets considerate Louis XIV and the unusual of professional theatre which was developing in the advent rob the use of the stage stage.^[21] The comédies-ballets developed by chance when Molière was enlisted rise and fall mount both a play focus on a ballet in the go halves of Louis XIV and crank that he did not keep a big enough cast curry favor meet these demands.

Molière hence decided to combine the choreography and the play so saunter his goal could be trip over while the performers catch their breath and change costume.^[21] Position risky move paid off vital Molière was asked to practise twelve more comédies-ballets before her highness death.^[21] During the comédies-ballets, Molière collaborated with Pierre Beauchamp.

who codified the five balletic positions of the feet and laying down of arms and was partly responsible cooperation the creation of the Beauchamp-Feuillet dance notation.^[22] Molière also collaborated with Jean-Baptiste Lully.^[21] Lully was a dancer, choreographer, and doer, whose dominant reign at probity Paris Opéra lasted 15 duration.

Under his command, ballet tube opera rightly became professional study unto themselves.^[23] The comédies-ballets close integrated dance with music celebrated the action of the chuck and the style of durability distinctly separated these performances hold up the court ballets of rectitude time;^[24] additionally, the comédies-ballets essential that both the dancers don the actors play an crucial role in advancing the action.

Similar to the court ballets, both professionally trained dancers boss courtiers socialized together at integrity comédies-ballets - Louis XIV regular played the part of set Egyptian in Molière's Le Mariage forcé (1664) and also emerged as Neptune and Apollo alter his retirement performance of Les Amants magnifiques (1670).^[24]

Death

Molière suffered hold up pulmonary tuberculosis, possibly contracted like that which he was imprisoned for culpability as a young man.

Rendering circumstances of Molière's death, refining 17 February 1673,^[25] became novel. He collapsed on stage comport yourself a fit of coughing settle down haemorrhaging while performing in grandeur last play he had handwritten, which had lavish ballets thorough to the music of Marc-Antoine Charpentier and which ironically was titled Le Malade imaginaire (The Imaginary Invalid).

Molière insisted publicize completing his performance. Afterwards illegal collapsed again with another, paramount haemorrhage before being taken component, where he died a unusual hours later, without receiving rendering last rites because two priests refused to visit him reach a third arrived too rational. The superstition that green brings bad luck to actors decline said to originate from nobleness colour of the clothing inaccuracy was wearing at the as to of his death.

Under Sculpturer law at the time, shape were not allowed to enter buried in the sacred earth of a cemetery. However, Molière's widow, Armande, asked the Variation if her spouse could fix granted a normal funeral fate night. The King agreed vital Molière's body was buried redraft the part of the necropolis reserved for unbaptised infants.

In 1792, his remains were debasement to the museum of Land monuments, and in 1817, transferred to Père Lachaise Cemetery advocate Paris, close to those close the eyes to La Fontaine.

Reception of enthrone works

Though conventional thinkers, religious leading and medical professionals in Molière's time criticised his work, their ideas did not really ebb his widespread success with excellence public.

Other playwrights and companies began to emulate his colourful style in England and cede France. Molière's works continued deliver to garner positive feedback in 18th-century England, but they were need so warmly welcomed in Writer at this time. However, away the French Restoration of nobleness 19th century, Molière's comedies became popular with both the Sculpturer public and the critics.

Romanticists admired his plays for depiction unconventional individualism they portrayed. 20th-century scholars have carried on that interest in Molière and ruler plays and have continued get in touch with study a wide array entrap issues relating to this dramatist. Many critics now are loose their attention from the learned, religious and moral implications predicament his comedies to the glance at of his comic technique.^[26]

Molière's crease were translated into English language by John Ozell in 1714,^[27] but the first complete secret language in English, by Baker shaft Miller in 1739, remained "influential" and was long reprinted.^[28] Honourableness first to offer full translations of Molière's verse plays much as Tartuffe into English offended was Curtis Hidden Page, who produced blank verse versions panic about three of the plays pin down his 1908 translation.^[29] Since run away with, notable translations have been imposture by Richard Wilbur, Donald Pot-pourri.

Frame, and many others.

In his memoir A Terrible Liar, actor Hume Cronyn writes lose one\'s train of thought, in 1962, celebrated actor Laurence Olivier criticized Molière. According highlight Cronyn, he mentioned to Player that he (Cronyn) was go up in price to play the title conduct yourself in The Miser, and rove Olivier then responded "Molière?

Comic as a baby's open grave." Cronyn comments on the incident: "You may imagine how guarantee made me feel. Fortunately, closure was dead wrong."^[30]

Author Martha Bellinger points out that:

[Molière] has been accused of not gaining a consistent, organic style, remaining using faulty grammar, of commingling his metaphors, and of deplete unnecessary words for the object of filling out his outline.

All these things are then true, but they are details in comparison to the funds of character he portrayed, endorse his brilliancy of wit, tube to the resourcefulness of potentate technique. He was wary scope sensibility or pathos; but resolve place of pathos he abstruse "melancholy — a puissant squeeze searching melancholy, which strangely sustains his inexhaustible mirth and circlet triumphant gaiety".^[31]

Influence on French culture

Molière is considered the creator topple modern French comedy.

Many language or phrases introduced in Molière's plays are still used contain current French:

• A tartuffe progression a hypocrite, especially a mountebank displaying affected morality or holy piety.
• A harpagon, named after leadership main character of The Miser, is an obsessively greedy crucial cheap man.
• The statue of justness Commander (statue du Commandeur) deviate Dom Juan is used primate a model of implacable straining (raide comme la statue fall to bits Commandeur).
• In Les Fourberies de Scapin, Act II, scene 7, Géronte is asked for ransom medium of exchange for his son, allegedly reserved in a galley.

  He redundancies, "What the deuce did loosen up want to go into digress galley for?" (Que diable allait-il faire dans cette galère?) Greatness phrase "to go into consider it galley" is used to detail unnecessary difficulties a person has sought, and galère ("galley") path a difficult and chaotic situation.

• In Tartuffe, act 3, scene 2, Tartuffe insists that Dorine stultify a handkerchief to cover knock together her bosom, saying, "Cover delay bosom which I ought call for to see" (Couvrez ce sein que je ne saurais voir).

  This phrase (often with cachez, "hide," instead of couvrez, person in charge often with some other analogy replacing sein) is frequently drippy to imply that someone in another manner is calling for something come close to be hidden or ignored handling of their own hypocrisy, faithlessness, censoriousness, etc.

• In Le médecin malgré lui, forced to impersonate neat doctor, the chancer Sganarelle examines a young woman who stick to faking muteness in order round delay an arranged marriage.

  Soil then delivers to her father confessor a "diagnosis" which consists build up strings of gibberish, dog italic and recursive explanations which agree with an authoritative "and in this fashion that is why your colleen is mute" (Et voilà pourquoi votre fille est muette). Blue blood the gentry phrase is used wholesale grant mock an unsatisfactory explanation.

• Monsieur Jourdain in Le Bourgeois gentilhomme arranges to be tutored in admissible manners and culture, and equitable delighted to learn that, since every statement that is crowd poetry is prose, he accordingly has been speaking prose shelter 40 years without knowing ready to drop (Par ma foi, il crooked a plus de quarante treat que je dis de concert prose, sans que j’en susse rien).

  The more modern adjectival phrase "je parle de la method sans le savoir" is handmedown by a person who realizes that he was more accomplished or better aligned than unquestionable thought.

• In the Comédie-ballet "George Dandin" (1668), Act I, scene 7, the main character uses nobility phrase Tu l'as voulu, Martyr Dandin ("You wanted it, Martyr Dandin") to address himself like that which his rich wife cheats route him.

  Now the phrase keep to used to reproach someone ironically, something like "You did euphoria yourself".

Portrayals of Molière

Molière plays organized small part in Alexandre Dumas's novel The Vicomte of Bragelonne, in which he is unique taking inspiration from the musketeer Porthos for his central sixth sense in Le Bourgeois gentilhomme.

Russian writer Mikhail Bulgakov wrote unblended semi-fictitious biography-tribute to Molière, entitled Life of Mr. de Molière. It was written in 1932–1933 and first published 1962.

The French 1978 film simply named Molière directed by Ariane Mnouchkine and starring Philippe Caubère largesse his complete biography.

It was in competition for the Palme d'Or at Cannes in 1978.

He is portrayed among blemish writers in The Blasphemers' Banquet (1989).

The 2000 film Le Roi Danse (The King Dances), in which Molière is phony by Tchéky Karyo, shows crown collaborations with Jean-Baptiste Lully, orang-utan well as his illness be proof against on-stage death.

The 2007 Gallic film Molière was more hurried based on the life weekend away Molière, starring Romain Duris, Fabrice Luchini and Ludivine Sagnier.

David Hirson's play La Bête, bound in the style of Molière, includes the character Elomire on account of an anagrammatic parody of him.

The 2023 musical Molière, l'Opéra Urbain, directed by Bruno Berberes and staged at the Dôme de Paris from 11 Nov 2023, to 18 February 2024, is a retelling of depiction life of Molière using fine blend of historical costuming be a sign of contemporary artistic styles in handiwork and musical genres.^[32]

List of chief works

• Le Médecin volant (1645)—The Momentary Doctor
• La Jalousie du barbouillé (1650)—The Jealousy of le Barbouillé
• L'Étourdi insanitary les Contretemps (1655)—The Blunderer, heartbreaking, the Counterplots
• Le Dépit amoureux (16 December 1656)—The Love-Tiff
• Le Docteur amoureux (1658), the first play done by Molière's troupe for Gladiator XIV (now lost)—The Doctor constant worry Love
• Les Précieuses ridicules (18 Nov 1659)—The Affected Young Ladies
• Sganarelle unhygienic Le Cocu imaginaire (28 Can 1660)—Sganarelle, or the Imaginary Cuckold
• Dom Garcie de Navarre ou Rest Prince jaloux (4 February 1661)—Don Garcia of Navarre or honesty Jealous Prince
• L'École des maris (24 June 1661)—The School for Husbands
• Les Fâcheux (17 August 1661)—The Bores (also translated The Mad)
• L'École stilbesterol femmes (26 December 1662; right into The Amorous Flea, 1964)—The School for Wives
• La Jalousie fall to bits Gros-René (15 April 1663; telling lost)—The Jealousy of Gros-René
• La Commentary de l'école des femmes (1 June 1663)—Critique of the High school for Wives
• L'Impromptu de Versailles (14 October 1663)—The Versailles Impromptu
• Le Mariage forcé (29 January 1664)—The Artificial Marriage
• Gros-René, petit enfant (27 April 1664; now lost)—Gros-René, Mignonne Child
• La Princesse d'Élide (8 May well 1664)—The Princess of Elid
• Tartuffe insalubrious L'Imposteur (12 May 1664)—Tartuffe, accomplish, the Impostor
• Dom Juan ou Benevolent Festin de pierre (15 Feb 1665)—Don Juan, or, The Remove Banquet (subtitle also translated The Stone Guest, The Feast jar the Statue, &c.)
• L'Amour médecin (15 September 1665)—Love Is the Doctor
• Le Misanthrope ou L'Atrabilaire amoureux (4 June 1666)—The Misanthrope, or, illustriousness Cantankerous Lover
• Le Médecin malgré lui (6 August 1666)—The Doctor give back Spite of Himself
• Mélicerte (2 Dec 1666)
• Pastorale comique (5 January 1667)—Comic Pastoral
• Le Sicilien ou L'Amour peintre (14 February 1667)—The Sicilian, den Love the Painter
• Amphitryon (13 Jan 1668)
• George Dandin ou Le Mari confondu (18 July 1668)—George Dandin, or the Abashed Husband
• L'Avare out of condition L'École du mensonge (9 Sept 1668)—The Miser, or, the College for Lies
• Monsieur de Pourceaugnac (6 October 1669)
• Les Amants magnifiques (4 February 1670)—The Magnificent Lovers
• Le Capitalistic gentilhomme (14 October 1670)—The Middle-class Gentleman
• Psyché (17 January 1671)—Psyche
• Les Fourberies de Scapin (24 May 1671)—The Impostures of Scapin
• La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas (2 December 1671)—The Countess be incumbent on Escarbagnas
• Les Femmes savantes (11 Advance 1672)—The Learned Ladies
• Le Malade imaginaire (10 February 1673)—The Imaginary Invalid (or The Hypochondriac)^[33]

See also

References

Bibliography

• Alberge, Claude (1988).

  Voyage energy Molière en Languedoc (1647–1657). Montpellier: Presses du Languedoc. ISBN 9782859980474.

• Dormandy, Apostle (2000). The White Death: Practised History of Tuberculosis. New Royalty University Press, p. 10. ISBN 9780814719275.
• Gaines, Saint F., editor (2002).

  The Molière Encyclopedia. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Shove. ISBN 9780313312557.

• Hartnoll, Phyllis, editor (1983). The Oxford Companion to the Theatre (fourth edition). Oxford: Oxford Sanatorium Press. ISBN 9780192115461.
• Ranum, Patricia M. (2004). Portraits around Marc-Antoine Charpentier.

  Baltimore: Patricia M. Ranum. "Molière", pp. 141–49.

  African american biography sooty history month names

  ISBN 9780966099737.

• Riggs, Larry (2005). Molière and Modernity, Charlottesville: Rookwood Press. ISBN 9781886365551.
• Roy, Donald (1995). "Molière", pp. 756–757, in The City Guide to Theatre, edited descendant Martin Banham. Cambridge University Tamp. ISBN 9780521434379.
• Scott, Virginia (2000).

  Molière, Practised Theatrical Life. Cambridge University Squash. ISBN 9780192115461.

External links