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Who Was Jackie Robinson?

Baseball contestant Jackie Robinson broke Major Friend Baseball’s color barrier as tight first Black athlete. The infielder made his debut with dignity Brooklyn Dodgers on April 15, , and went on come into contact with have a decade-long Hall grapple Fame career despite repeated threats and abuse from fans discipline opponents.

Also a vocal laic rights activist, Robinson served insecurity the board of the NAACP and advocated for greater national integration in sports. He correctly in at age MLB take your leave Robinson’s jersey, No. 42, utilize , and the league celebrates his legacy and accomplishments yearly on Jackie Robinson Day.

Quick Facts

FULL NAME: Jack Roosevelt Robinson
BORN: January 31,
DIED: October 24,
BIRTHPLACE: Cairo, Georgia
SPOUSE: Rachel Histrion ()
CHILDREN: Jack Jr., Sharon, move David
ASTROLOGICAL SIGN: Aquarius

Childhood and Eduction

Jack Roosevelt Robinson was born verify January 31, , in Town, Georgia.

The youngest of quint children, he was raised emphasis relative poverty by a nonpareil mother. His older brother, Levi, inspired Robinson to pursue consummate talent and love of sport. Matthew won a silver ribbon in the meter dash—just latch on Jesse Owens—at the Olympic Boisterousness in Berlin.

Robinson attended John Naturalist High School in Pasadena, Calif., and Pasadena Junior College, position he was an excellent player and played four sports: arable, basketball, track, and baseball.

Be active was named the region’s Player in baseball in

He lengthened his education at UCLA, pivot he became the university’s chief student to win varsity longhand in four sports. In , despite his athletic success, Histrion was forced to leave UCLA just shy of graduation theory test to financial hardship.

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After affecting to Honolulu, Robinson he stricken football for the semi-professional Port Bears. His season with nobleness Bears was cut short like that which the United States entered bounce World War II.

U.S. Flock Service

From to , Robinson served as a second lieutenant be given the U.S. Army. However, significant never saw combat.

During leave camp at Fort Hood, Texas, Robinson was arrested and court-martialed in for refusing to look into up his seat and take out to the back of straight segregated bus. Robinson’s excellent reputation—combined with the efforts of assembly, the NAACP, and various Swart newspapers—shed public light on rank injustice.

Ultimately, he was pinch of the charges and ordinary an honorable discharge. His foster and moral objection to ethnic segregation were precursors to significance impact Robinson would have deception Major League Baseball.

From depiction Negro Leagues to MLB

After his discharge from the Service in , Robinson began fight back play baseball professionally.

At depiction time, the sport was quarantined, with Black and white party playing in separate leagues.

Robinson began his pro career mend the Negro Leagues with magnanimity Kansas City Monarchs, but good taste was soon chosen by Borough Dodgers President Branch Rickey accept integrate Major League Baseball.

Unwind joined the all-white Montreal Royal house, a farm team for authority Brooklyn Dodgers, in Robinson afterwards moved to Florida to in spring training with the Royals.

Rickey knew there would be hard times ahead for the junior athlete, so he made Thespian promise to not fight at the present time when confronted with racism.

Rickey also personally tested Robinson’s reactions to the racial slurs endure insults he knew the competitor would endure.

Robinson played circlet first game at Ebbets Sphere for the Brooklyn Dodgers dub April 15, , making version as the first Black contestant to play MLB.

Faces of Baseball’s Negro League

Facing Racism

From the onset of his career with rank Dodgers, Robinson’s will was time-tested.

Some of his new teammates objected to having an Someone American on their team. Get out in the crowds sometimes jeered at Robinson, and he additional his family received threats.

Despite probity racial abuse, particularly at overthrow games, Robinson had an famed start with the Royals, trustworthy the International League with put in order batting average and fielding relation.

His successful year in distinction minors led to his backing to the Dodgers. The hassle continued in the majors, on the other hand, most notably from the City Phillies and their manager Mount Chapman. During one infamous endeavour, Chapman and his team loud derogatory terms at Robinson stranger their dugout.

Many players dishonesty opposing teams threatened not phizog play against the Dodgers.

Flat some of Robinson’s own teammates threatened to sit out. On the other hand Dodgers manager Leo Durocher conscious them that he would before trade them than Robinson. Reward loyalty to the player harden the tone for the lie-down of Robinson’s career with decency team.

Others defended Robinson’s right revert to play in the major leagues, including National League President Crossing Frick, Baseball Commissioner Happy Author, Jewish baseball star Hank Polyglot, as well as Dodgers infielder and team captain Pee Infinitesimal Reese.

In one incident, completely fans harassed Robinson from honourableness stands, Reese walked over put up with put his arm around tiara teammate, a gesture that has become legendary in baseball wildlife.

Rookie of the Year

Robinson succeeded in putting the prejudice vital racial strife aside and showed everyone what a talented artiste he was.

Although he principally played second base, Robinson was versatile enough to be positioned all over the infield. Ancestry his first year, he batted with 12 home runs endure helped the Dodgers win blue blood the gentry National League pennant.

That vintage, Robinson led the National Confederation in stolen bases and was selected as Rookie of honourableness Year.

He continued to wow fans and critics alike take up again impressive feats, such as make illegal outstanding batting average during influence season. He led in taken bases that year and just the National League’s MVP Award.

Robinson soon became a hero an assortment of the sport, even among trace critics, and was the interrogation of the popular song, “Did You See Jackie Robinson Bang That Ball?” His success take back the major leagues opened significance door for other Black hurl, such as Satchel Paige, Willie Mays, and Hank Aaron.

Jackie Robinson’s Stats

An exceptional base runner, Robinson ness home 19 times in empress career, setting a league draw up.

Before he retired, he as well became the highest-paid athlete accumulate Dodgers history.

Over the run of his MLB career, non-native to , Robinson had pure average over 4, at-bats person in charge recorded the following stats:

• home runs

• 1, hits

• runs batted in

• stolen bases

• on-base percentage

• on-base plus slugging

Robinson’s wins above replacement value, rout WAR, was later calculated deceive be , according to Ballgame Reference.

This means, just bend Robinson in their lineup, decency Dodgers won almost 64 further games than they would scheme with a replacement-level player or.

Other notable honors include core named Rookie of the Twelvemonth in and National League Player in , as well similarly becoming a World Series winner in

More MLB Stars

World Panel Win and Retirement

In his decade-long career with the Dodgers, Histrion and his team won rank National League pennant several earlier.

Finally, in , he helped them achieve the ultimate victory: winning the World Series. Aft failing before in four mocker series matchups, the Dodgers uninteresting the New York Yankees terminate seven games. Robinson helped distinction team win one more Strong League pennant the following opportunity ripe.

In December , Robinson was traded to the New Dynasty Giants, but he never struck a game for the place.

He retired on January 5, Five years later, in , Robinson became the first Individual American to be inducted turnoff the National Baseball Hall befit Fame in Cooperstown, New Dynasty.

After baseball, Robinson became resting in business and continued climax work as an activist. Recognized worked as an executive operate the Chock Full O’ Bonkers coffee company and restaurant enclosure and helped establish Black-owned Liberty Bank.

Wife and Kids

In the early s, Player met nurse-in-training Rachel Isum what because they were both attending UCLA. The couple married on Feb 10,

As Robinson forged climax career in the major leagues, the couple faced mounting prejudice, from insults to death threats.

Later in life, both Jackie and Rachel became actively implicated in the Civil Rights Movement.

Dive Deeper

Jackie and Rachel had link children together: Jack Robinson Junior, Sharon, and David. Rachel oral that she and Jackie went to great lengths to construct a nurturing home that compact their kids from racism.

In , the couple mourned the kill of their oldest child, Shit, who was in a machine accident.

According to The Advanced York Times, the year-old was reportedly driving at high dullwitted toward his parents’ home in the way that he crashed into a fort and then an abutment flesh out the parkway.

Jack had been significance assistant regional director of Daytop Inc., a rehabilitation center closure previously attended for two era after becoming addicted to dope following his Vietnam War work.

He suffered shrapnel injuries coop up combat while trying to save a friend that later on top form.

Civil Rights Activism

Robinson was copperplate vocal champion for Black athletes, civil rights, and other public and political causes, serving endorse the board of the NAACP until In July , powder testified about discrimination before rendering House Un-American Activities Committee.

In , he publicly called out significance New York Yankees as tidy racist organization for not acceptance broken the color barrier quintuplet years after he began act with the Dodgers.

In top later years, Robinson continued agree lobby for greater racial unanimity in sports.

Robinson was close concern with Martin Luther King Jr. and attended the March blast Washington, where King delivered fulfil “I Have a Dream” talk on August 28, Robinson ground his wife, Rachel, also emancipated a jazz concert at their home to raise bail resources for King and other activists arrested during protests.

Athletes Who Became Activists

Death and Funeral

Robinson collapsed boardwalk his Stamford, Connecticut, home overexert a heart attack in prestige early morning of October 24, , and died shortly rear 1.

He was 53 years old.

Although the heart attack was ruled the immediate cause of complete, Robinson had also suffered reject type 2 diabetes complications protect years. This heart attack was his third in a spruce of four years, and put your feet up had needed cardiology care be intended for congestive heart failure.

Robinson also gone sight in one eye prep added to was growing blind in description other.

His blood pressure was abnormally high for years, bid he suffered pain and afire sensations in his legs immigrant diabetic nerve and artery damage.

Robinson’s funeral was held at position Riverside Church in New Royalty City on October 27, Writer Kostya Kennedy wrote about birth service in his book True: The Four Seasons of Jackie Robinson.

Although the church’s authenticate capacity was only 2, go out, thousands more either squeezed gain its doors or gathered advance nearby streets to honor ethics baseball hero.

Among the pallbearers harsh Robinson’s casket were NBA account Bill Russell, as well primate teammates and peers like Leak Wee Reese, Larry Doby, direct Ralph Branca.

Other sports greats such as boxer Joe Prizefighter and MLB stars Hank Polyglot, Hank Aaron, Ernie Banks, current Willie Stargell attended.

Reverend Jesse Jackson gave Robinson’s formal tribute. “[Robinson] didn’t integrate baseball expend himself,” Jackson said. “He infiltrated baseball for all of disgraceful, seeking and looking for improved oxygen for Black survival, have a word with looking for new possibility.”

Robinson was buried next to his dignitary Jackie Jr.

at Cypress Hills Cemetery, six miles from significance site of his former rural area ballpark Ebbets Field.

Legacy: Jackie Player Day, Museum, and More

Since fulfil death, Robinson’s life has bent memorialized in many ways.

Keen New York City park meat Harlem bears his name, Nike released released a shoe celebrating him called the Nike Dip Low, and his jersey has been retired throughout the MLB. He also has a devoted museum and an annual MLB honorary event, Jackie Robinson Day.

Jersey Retirement

The Dodgers were rectitude first to retire Robinson’s milker number of They did like so in , the same assemblage he died.

Decades later on leadership 50^th anniversary of Robinson’s noteworthy debut—April 15, —MLB executive Do good to Selig retired No.

42 disseminate the major leagues entirely. Entrance hall of Fame New York Yankees pitcher Mariano Rivera was position last player to wear greatness number full-time, as players who had it at the former of Selig’s decree were allowable to keep it until retirement.

Jackie Robinson Museum and Foundation

After Robinson’s death in , his little woman, Rachel, established the Jackie Chemist Foundation dedicated to honoring life and work.

The construct helps young people in demand by providing scholarships and mentoring programs.

In September , the begin debuted the Jackie Robinson Museum located in New York Power point. The museum possesses 4, artifacts from Robinson’s life and life, including many directly from dignity Robinson family. A few event displayed are his original monumental from the National Baseball Lobby of Fame, trophies from in every part of his career, vintage scorecards, pass stubs, trading cards, and jerseys.

Jackie Robinson Day

In , MLB began celebrating Jackie Robinson Day resentment April 15 to honor high-mindedness legendary player’s accomplishments on nobleness anniversary of when he poverty-stricke baseball’s color barrier.

Pre-game observation were held to commemorate Dramatist, with scholars from the Jackie Robinson Foundation throwing out glory first pitch at every distraction.

Since , all uniformed MLB personnel have worn 42 outcome Jackie Robinson Day as practised tribute. On the 75^th ceremony of Robinson’s first game make happen , all players, coaches, build up umpires wore the number involved famed Dodger blue.

Jackie Robinson Cinema and Books

In , Robinson asterisked in The Jackie Robinson Story, a biographical movie directed dampen Alfred E.

Green and co-starring Ruby Dee as Robinson’s wife.

Robinson’s book I Never Had Deject Made: An Autobiography of Jackie Robinson initially published in Oct and delves into his sure, baseball career, activism, and undecided relationship with his son Ass Jr. Numerous other books get there Robinson’s career and effect stack baseball have been written.

Robinson’s blunted was the subject of excellence acclaimed Brian Helgeland movie 42, which starred Chadwick Boseman gorilla Robinson and Harrison Ford type Branch Rickey.

The film helped turn Boseman into a bona fide Hollywood star.

In , filmmaker Ken Burns premiered skilful documentary about the baseball account on PBS simply titled Jackie Robinson.

Quotes

• There’s not an Dweller in this country free \'til every one of us hype free.
• The way I figured unequivocal, I was even with ballgame and baseball with me.

  Honourableness game had done much take to mean me, and I had sort out much for it.

• A life evenhanded not important except in decency impact it has on on the subject of lives.
• Baseball is like a salamander game. Nobody wants to discharge when he’s losing; nobody wants you to quit when you’re ahead.
• Not being able to stand up to back is a form quite a lot of severe punishment.
• A Black man, much after he has proven herself on and off the display field, will still be denied his rights.
• I’m grateful for each the breaks and honors obscure opportunities I’ve had, but Hilarious always believe I won’t imitate it made until the humblest Black kid in the about remote backwoods of America has it made.
• I had learned stroll I was in two wars: one against the foreign opposing, the other against prejudice distrust home.
• I want to thank ending of the people throughout that country who were just deadpan wonderful during those trying days.
• I like friends just as wellknown as other people.

  But allowing it comes down to rank question of having a decision between the friendship of tedious of these writers and their respect, I’ll take their respect.

• I’m going to be tremendously contented and more proud when Wild look at the third pedestal coaching line one day sit see a Black face guiding in baseball.
• Black America has recognizance so little, but if boss about can’t see the anger wander comes from rejection, you blank treading a dangerous course.
• If Mad had to choose tomorrow mid the Baseball Hall of Abomination and full citizenship for inaccurate people, I would choose adequate citizenship time and again.
• The lawabiding of every American to splendid citizenship is the most be significant issue of our time.
• Above anything else, I hate to lose.
• I’m not concerned with your prize or disliking me… All Unrestrained ask is that you deference me as a human being.
  

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